2020 WAEC (WASSCE) Government Past Questions and Answers
The 2020 WAEC (WASSCE) Government past questions with answers: 50 objective questions from the 2020 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.
Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.
Questions
- 1.
Countries adopt the unitary system of government because it __________
- A.detests dictatorship
- B.promote national integration
- C.concentrates power only at the centre
- D.allows the component units to secede at will
Show answer
Answer: B. promote national integration
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- 2.
The type of election which allows party members to elect candidates for elective offices is _________
- A.general election
- B.bye election
- C.direct election
- D.primary election
Show answer
Answer: D. primary election
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the type of election in which party members choose the candidates who will represent the party in elective offices. The key phrases are "party members" and "elect candidates."
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- General election: Held at regular intervals, when all eligible voters choose their representatives into public office (e.g., the presidential election in Nigeria every four years).
- Bye-election: Held to fill a vacancy that occurs between general elections, for example after the death, resignation, or removal of an office holder.
- Direct election: Voters choose their representatives personally, without intermediaries. It describes how people vote, not who votes or why.
- Primary election: An internal party election in which party members (or delegates) choose the person who will fly the party's flag as its candidate in the general election.
Step 3: Match the definition to the options
- A: Involves the whole electorate, not just party members. ✗
- B: Fills vacancies and is not limited to party members. ✗
- C: Describes a voting method, not a party's internal selection. ✗
- D: Party members choose the party's candidates. ✓
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is D. primary election.
Tip: "Primary" means "first." It is the first stage, where each party picks its candidate, before the general election where the public chooses among the parties' candidates. If you see "party members choose candidates," think primary.
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- 3.
Which of the following constitutional provisions gives a high degree of autonomy to component parts of a unitary state?
- A.Devolution
- B.Delegation
- C.Divestiture
- D.Declaration
Show answer
Answer: A. Devolution
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which constitutional provision gives a high degree of autonomy to the component parts (regions, local units) within a unitary state. In a unitary state, power is centralized, but the central government can still share some power with lower units.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Devolution: The central government constitutionally transfers (devolves) some powers to regional or local governments, giving them considerable autonomy. Examples: Scotland and Wales in the UK, which is a unitary state.
- Delegation: Powers are lent to subordinate bodies or officials. The central authority keeps control and can withdraw them easily, so autonomy is limited.
- Divestiture: Means giving up or selling off assets or ownership. It is commonly used in privatization, not in power-sharing.
- Declaration: A formal announcement or statement (such as a declaration of independence). It is not a way of sharing power.
Step 3: Apply to the question Only devolution gives component units a high degree of autonomy while the state remains unitary. Delegation gives only limited, revocable authority.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. Devolution.
Tip: Remember "Devolution = Decentralized power in a unitary state," while "Delegation = Depends on the boss," because the central authority can take the power back. In federalism, by contrast, the term to think of is "division of powers."
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- 4.
The sum total of authority in a state unrestrained by law is _______
- A.monarchy
- B.society
- C.oligarchy
- D.sovereign
Show answer
Answer: D. sovereign
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term describing the total authority in a state that is not restrained by law. The keywords are "sum total of authority" and "unrestrained by law."
Step 2: Explain the concept In Government (Political Science), sovereignty is the supreme, absolute, and unlimited power of a state to make and enforce laws within its territory. The authority that holds this power is called the sovereign. Writers such as Jean Bodin and John Austin described the sovereign as the supreme authority that is not bound by any higher human law.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Monarchy: A system of government headed by a king or queen. It is a form of government, not the sum total of authority.
- B. Society: A group of people living together. It is not the term for supreme authority.
- C. Oligarchy: Rule by a small group of people. Again, it is a form of government.
- D. Sovereign: The supreme authority in a state, with unlimited power. This matches the definition.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **D.
Tip: Link "supreme," "absolute," "unlimited power" and "final authority" with sovereignty. Terms ending in "-archy" (monarchy, oligarchy) usually describe forms of government and are rarely the answer to a question about supreme authority.
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- 5.
A major difference between power and authority is that, authority is ________
- A.scarcely exercised
- B.more dependent on coercion
- C.acquired popularly
- D.exercised through force
Show answer
Answer: C. acquired popularly
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how authority differs from power in Government (Political Science).
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Power is the ability to make others do what you want, whether they agree or not. It can rest on force, coercion, or influence, and it may not be legitimate.
- Authority is the legitimate or rightful power to make decisions and be obeyed. People accept it because they believe it is right, legal, or properly acquired, through election, law, tradition, or the constitution.
So the key difference is legitimacy. Authority is recognized and accepted by the people, while power alone can be imposed.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Scarcely exercised: Wrong. Authority is exercised regularly by governments, courts, and officials.
- B. More dependent on coercion: Wrong. Coercion is more characteristic of raw power. Authority relies on consent and legitimacy.
- C. Acquired popularly: Fits best. Authority is generally gained through the people's acceptance or approval, such as elections, legal and constitutional backing, or customary recognition.
- D. Exercised through force: Wrong. Force is associated with power, not authority.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C.
Tip: Remember "Authority = Accepted". Whenever you see words like legitimate, consent, or popular acceptance, think authority. Words like force, coercion, or compulsion point to power. A military coup leader has power, but an elected president has authority.
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- 6.
Executive power in a cabinet system of government is vested in the ________
- A.legislature
- B.judiciary
- C.civil service
- D.council of ministers
Show answer
Answer: D. council of ministers
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks who holds executive power (the power to carry out laws and run the government) in a cabinet system of government.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a cabinet (parliamentary) system, such as the United Kingdom's, executive authority is not held by one person. It is exercised collectively by the Prime Minister and the cabinet, which is made up of ministers. The cabinet is also called the council of ministers. The ministers are usually members of the legislature, and they are collectively responsible to it. The Head of State (a monarch or ceremonial president) is only a nominal executive.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Legislature: This makes laws. It does not hold executive power, although cabinet members sit in it.
- B. Judiciary: This interprets laws and settles disputes.
- C. Civil service: This is the permanent administrative staff that implements government policy. It advises ministers but does not hold executive power.
- D. Council of ministers: This is the cabinet, which holds real executive power under the Prime Minister.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is D. council of ministers.
Exam tip: Remember the pairing "cabinet system = collective executive (Prime Minister + ministers)" and "presidential system = single executive (the President)". Watch for the words nominal (ceremonial head of state) and real (cabinet) executive, because WASSCE often tests this distinction.
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- 7.
The capital of the French Federation of West Africa states was located in?
- A.Bamako, Mali
- B.Dakar, Senegal
- C.Conakry. Guinea
- D.Niamey,Niger
Show answer
Answer: B. Dakar, Senegal
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks where the capital of French West Africa (Afrique Occidentale Française, AOF) was located. This is a colonial administration question.
Step 2: The concept French West Africa was a federation created in 1895 and formally organized in 1904. It brought together eight French colonies: Senegal, Mauritania, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin), and Niger.
The federation was headed by a Governor-General. The first capital was Saint-Louis, Senegal. In 1902 the Governor-General's seat moved to Dakar, which was the federal capital until the federation was dissolved in 1958-1960.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Bamako was the capital of French Sudan, a territory within the federation, not the federal capital.
- B. Dakar was the federal capital, the seat of the Governor-General, and a major port and administrative centre.
- C. Conakry was the capital of French Guinea only.
- D. Niamey was the capital of the Niger colony only.
Step 4: Answer The capital of the French Federation of West Africa was Dakar, Senegal.
Tip: Remember "Dakar = Door to the Atlantic". Dakar is the westernmost port, which made it the natural hub for French administration. Also remember that French West Africa had one federal capital (Dakar) and separate territorial capitals (Bamako, Conakry, Niamey, and so on). Exams often test this difference.
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- 8.
Which of the following made the colonial Government a " Virtual Dictator"?
- A.Legislative council
- B.Executive council
- C.appointment of departmental heads
- D.Reserved veto powers
Show answer
Answer: D. Reserved veto powers
AI explanation
Analyze the question The phrase "virtual dictator" describes a colonial Governor who held almost unlimited power. We need to find which feature of colonial administration gave him that kind of control.
Explain the concept Under colonial rule in Nigeria (for example, under the Clifford, Richards and Macpherson constitutions), the Governor was the head of the colonial government. Even when Legislative and Executive Councils existed, the Governor kept special powers over them:
- Legislative Council: a law-making body, but the Governor presided over it and appointed or influenced many of its members. It was not the source of his dictatorial power.
- Executive Council: an advisory body to the Governor. He was not bound to follow its advice.
- Appointment of departmental heads: this was an administrative function. It gave him influence but did not make him a dictator.
- Reserved veto powers: the Governor could reject any bill passed by the Legislative Council. He could also enact laws on his own authority, which are the "reserved powers", especially when he considered a matter to be in the interest of the colony or of public order.
Step-by-step solution
- A dictator is someone who can make or block laws without being checked.
- The Governor could veto any legislation and could also pass laws by himself.
- The councils could advise him or debate, but they could not override him.
- So the power that made him a "virtual dictator" was the reserved veto power.
Answer: D, Reserved veto powers.
Exam tip: When you see "dictator" or "absolute power" in a colonial government question, think of veto and reserved powers. Councils only advised or debated, but the veto let the Governor have the final say.
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- 9.
The right to respect the personality of the individual is a _________
- A.civil right
- B.natural right
- C.social right
- D.economic right
Show answer
Answer: A. civil right
AI explanation
Analyze the question The question asks which category of rights covers "respect for the personality of the individual." This is about the classification of human rights in Government.
Explain the concept Rights are grouped into categories:
- Natural rights: rights people are believed to have by nature (life, liberty, property), as argued by John Locke.
- Civil rights: rights guaranteed by law that protect an individual's personal freedom and dignity. They include the right to life, personal liberty, fair hearing, freedom of expression, freedom of movement, and respect for the dignity and personality of the human person.
- Social rights: rights concerning welfare, such as education, health care, and housing.
- Economic rights: rights concerning work, fair wages, owning property, and choosing an occupation.
Show the solution
- Respect for the personality or dignity of the individual is about protecting a person from degrading treatment, torture, and slavery.
- In Nigeria, this appears in Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution, "Fundamental Rights" (Section 34: right to dignity of the human person). These are legally enforceable civil rights.
- It is not mainly about welfare (social) or work and income (economic).
- Natural rights is a tempting option, because dignity is inherent. But in the WASSCE classification, the right to respect for personality is listed among civil rights, which are protected by law.
Identify the answer The correct option is A. civil right.
Tip Think of "civil" as the "constitutional, legal protections of the person": life, liberty, dignity, fair hearing, and expression. If the question mentions welfare, think social. If it mentions jobs or money, think economic.
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- 10.
Which of the following does not influence a country's foreign policy?
- A.Desire for foreign investments
- B.International law, Conventions and Treaties
- C.Religion and racial factors
- D.Age of the leader
Show answer
Answer: D. Age of the leader
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- 11.
The ability to make and enforce laws and administer justice constitute the major functions of a _________
- A.nation
- B.society
- C.government
- D.pressure group
Show answer
Answer: C. government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which institution makes laws, enforces them, and administers justice. These three functions are the classic powers of government.
Step 2: Explain the concept Government is the body or machinery through which a state exercises authority. It is made up of three arms:
- Legislature makes laws (e.g., the National Assembly in Nigeria)
- Executive enforces or implements laws (e.g., the President, ministries, and the police)
- Judiciary interprets laws and administers justice (e.g., the courts)
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Nation: A nation is a group of people who share a common identity, such as culture, language, or history. It has no law-making power.
- B. Society: A society is a community of people living together with shared customs. It does not formally make and enforce laws.
- C. Government: Correct. Making laws (legislature), enforcing laws (executive), and administering justice (judiciary) are the core functions of government.
- D. Pressure group: A pressure group only tries to influence government policy. It does not make or enforce laws.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **C.
Tip: Link the three functions to the three arms of government: make (legislature), enforce (executive), judge (judiciary). If a question mentions all three, the answer is almost always "government."
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- 12.
Which of the following is not an electoral malpractice?
- A.impersonation
- B.threatening
- C.campaigning for a candidate
- D.gerrymandering
Show answer
Answer: C. campaigning for a candidate
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which option is not an electoral malpractice. Electoral malpractice means any illegal or unfair act that interferes with the free, fair and credible conduct of an election.
Step 2: Explain the concept Electoral malpractices include:
- Impersonation: pretending to be another registered voter in order to vote in their name.
- Threatening (intimidation): using fear or violence to force voters, candidates, or officials to act in a certain way.
- Gerrymandering: drawing or manipulating constituency boundaries to give one party or candidate an unfair advantage.
- Others: ballot box snatching, multiple voting, vote buying, rigging, and falsifying results.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Impersonation: This is an offence, so it is a malpractice.
- B. Threatening: Voter intimidation is also a malpractice.
- C. Campaigning for a candidate: This is a legitimate part of the democratic process. Parties and supporters are allowed to campaign, as long as they do so within the period and rules set by the electoral body (INEC in Nigeria). It is not a malpractice.
- D. Gerrymandering: This is the unfair manipulation of constituency boundaries, so it is a malpractice.
Step 4: Answer The only option that is a normal, lawful part of elections is C. campaigning for a candidate.
Tip: When a question asks for the "NOT" option, look for the one that is lawful or normal. Words like impersonation, threatening, rigging, gerrymandering, and thuggery always point to malpractice, while campaigning, voting, and registration are legitimate activities. Do watch for campaigning outside the allowed period, though, because that can become an offence.
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- 13.
A major advantage of a country's foreign policy is that, it __________
- A.encourages infringement on the territories of other states
- B.promotes the country's national interest
- C.stimulates political activities in the state
- D.promotes understanding between the leaders and the led
Show answer
Answer: B. promotes the country's national interest
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- 14.
Local government sources of revenue can best be improved through?
- A.schools
- B.the collection of import duties
- C.the provision of housing units
- D.cottage industries
Show answer
Answer: D. cottage industries
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks how a local government can best improve its own revenue (internally generated revenue).
Concept: Local governments in Nigeria get money from several sources:
- Statutory allocations from the Federation Account
- Rates (tenement rates, market stalls, etc.), fines, fees, licences
- Earnings from local enterprises and investments
Some items are not within a local government's power:
- Import duties are collected by the Federal Government (Customs), so B is wrong.
- Schools (A) are mainly a service, not a major revenue earner. Primary education is funded and managed through state and federal agencies, so this does not boost revenue best.
- Housing units (C) is mainly a state or federal function, and it needs heavy capital that local councils lack.
Solution:
- Cottage industries (D) are small-scale, low-capital businesses such as weaving, pottery, and food processing. A local government can set them up or encourage them. They create jobs and income for residents, which widens the tax base. They also generate revenue through levies, licences, and fees. This is the most realistic way for a local council to improve its revenue.
Answer: D. cottage industries
Tip: In Government questions on local revenue, eliminate anything that is a Federal function, such as import duties, customs, and currency. Choose options that match local, small-scale, community-level activity.
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- 15.
The National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA) was founded in _______
- A.Sierra Leone
- B.Liberia
- C.Ghana
- D.Nigeria
Show answer
Answer: C. Ghana
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks where the NCBWA was founded. The word "founded" is the key. We need the place where the organization was established, not where it held meetings or where its leader came from.
Concept: The National Congress of British West Africa was set up in 1920 by the Gold Coast lawyer and nationalist Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford. It was an early pan-West African political organization that brought together educated elites from the British colonies of the Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and The Gambia. Its aims included:
- Demanding elected representation in the legislative councils
- Calling for the creation of a West African university
- Pushing for greater African participation in government and the civil service
Step-by-step solution:
- The NCBWA was formed in 1920, at a conference held in Accra.
- Accra was in the Gold Coast, which is today's Ghana.
- Casely Hayford, the founder and first president, was from the Gold Coast.
- Later sessions were held in Freetown (1923), Bathurst/Banjul (1925) and Lagos (1930), but these were not where it was founded.
- Liberia was never a British colony, so it was not part of the NCBWA.
Eliminating the options:
- A. Sierra Leone: it hosted a later session, not the founding.
- B. Liberia: not a British territory.
- D. Nigeria: it hosted a later session in Lagos, and Nigerians took part, but it was not the place of founding.
- C. Ghana (Gold Coast): correct.
Answer: C. Ghana.
Exam tip: Remember "1920, Accra, Casely Hayford." Don't confuse the founding location with the sessions held in other countries. The word "founded" points to the first conference, which was in Accra.
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- 16.
The institution established by the constitution to be responsible for recruiting personnel into the civil service is the ___________
- A.personnel management office
- B.office of the president
- C.National labour commission
- D.Public service commission
Show answer
Answer: D. Public service commission
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which body the constitution created to recruit personnel (hire staff) into the civil service.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Nigeria, the civil service is the permanent, non-political arm of government that carries out government policies. The 1999 Constitution (Third Schedule) sets up bodies to handle appointments, promotions, and discipline in the public service:
- Federal Civil Service Commission (FCSC): recruits, promotes, and disciplines federal civil servants.
- State Civil Service Commissions: do the same at state level.
- The general term for such bodies is Public Service Commission, which has the constitutional role of appointing, promoting, and disciplining public/civil servants.
Step 3: Eliminate the wrong options
- A. Personnel management office: this is an administrative unit within a ministry or agency. It handles staff matters but is not a constitutional body.
- B. Office of the president: this is the executive's administrative office, not a recruiting commission.
- C. National Labour Commission: this handles labour disputes and trade union matters, not recruitment.
- D. Public Service Commission: this is the constitutionally established body for recruiting, promoting, and disciplining civil servants.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **D.
Exam tip: Remember the three functions of the service commission: Hire, Promote, Discipline. If a question mentions appointment, promotion, or discipline of civil servants, think "Civil/Public Service Commission."
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- 17.
Which of the following modes of operation of pressure group undermines the economic, social and political stability of the state ________
- A.Lobbying
- B.symposia
- C.strikes
- D.debates
Show answer
Answer: C. strikes
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which method used by pressure groups can damage a state's economic, social and political stability. So we are looking for the most disruptive method.
Step 2: Explain the concept Pressure groups (e.g., NLC, ASUU, NMA, NBA) try to influence government policy without seeking to take control of government. Their methods fall into two broad types:
- Peaceful and constructive methods: lobbying, symposia/seminars, debates, petitions, press campaigns, and the like. These work through dialogue and persuasion.
- Disruptive or coercive methods: strikes, boycotts, demonstrations that turn violent, and sit-ins. These interrupt normal activity.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Lobbying: Persuading lawmakers or officials privately or openly. It is a normal, legitimate channel and does not threaten stability.
- B. Symposia: Academic or public discussions that educate people and raise awareness. They are peaceful.
- C. Strikes: Workers withdraw their services. This can shut down hospitals, schools, transport, and oil and other industries. It causes economic losses, public hardship (social effects), and political tension or confrontation with government. This is the one that can undermine stability.
- D. Debates: Peaceful exchange of views, so it is not destabilizing.
Step 4: Answer Strikes are the method that most directly disrupts the economy, society and political order.
Tip: In "which method is harmful or destabilizing" questions on pressure groups, look for the coercive options such as strikes, boycotts, riots, and violent demonstrations. Dialogue-based methods such as lobbying, debates, symposia, and petitions are usually the "safe" ones.
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- 18.
The collective views held by majority of citizens of a country about a particular policy is _________
- A.national interest
- B.public opinion
- C.commentary
- D.bullentin
Show answer
Answer: B. public opinion
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term describing the collective views held by the majority of citizens about a particular policy (or issue).
Step 2: Explain the concept Public opinion is the sum of the views, attitudes, and beliefs that a significant portion of the people in a society hold about a government policy, issue, or event. It is usually expressed through the media, opinion polls, elections, protests, petitions, and public debates. In government, it is important because it influences policy-making and shows whether citizens support or reject a particular decision.
Step 3: Examine the options
- A. National interest – The goals and ambitions of a country as a whole (e.g., security, economic development). It is not about what citizens think of a policy.
- B. Public opinion – The collective views of the majority of citizens on an issue or policy. This fits the question exactly.
- C. Commentary – An expression of opinion or explanation by an individual or media person on an event. It is not the collective view of citizens.
- D. Bulletin – A short official news report or announcement. It is not a collective view.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. public opinion.
Exam tip: Look for key phrases in the question. "Collective views of the majority of citizens" signals public opinion. Remember: Public = people, Opinion = what they think. Public opinion is also often tested alongside its agencies, such as the mass media, pressure groups, and opinion polls.
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- 19.
Which of the following is an advantage of monocephalous executive ___________
- A.sharing of power
- B.quick decision making
- C.impartial dispension of justice
- D.enjoyment of press freedom
Show answer
Answer: B. quick decision making
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for an advantage of a monocephalous executive.
Step 2: Explain the concept "Mono" means one, and "cephalous" refers to the head. A monocephalous (or unitary/single) executive is one in which executive power is vested in one person, such as a President in Nigeria's presidential system. This contrasts with a collegial or plural executive, where power is shared among a group, as in Switzerland's Federal Council.
Advantages of a monocephalous executive:
- Quick decision making, because there is no need to consult or reach agreement with several people
- Unity of command and clear responsibility
- Strong, decisive leadership, especially in emergencies
- Less conflict within the executive
Disadvantages:
- Risk of dictatorship or abuse of power
- Decisions may reflect one person's bias
- Little sharing of power
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Sharing of power: This is a feature of a plural or collegial executive, not a monocephalous one. ✗
- B. Quick decision making: With one person at the top, decisions are made fast. ✓
- C. Impartial dispensation of justice: This relates to the judiciary, not the type of executive. ✗
- D. Enjoyment of press freedom: This is a matter of civil liberties and is not tied to the structure of the executive. ✗
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. quick decision making.
Exam tip: Link the prefix to the meaning. "Mono" means one person, which means speed and unity, but also the danger of dictatorship. If you see "sharing of power" in an option, think of a plural executive instead.
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- 20.
The West African Students Union (WASU) was formed by _______
- A.Siaka Stevens
- B.K. A. Gbedemah
- C.E.F Small
- D.Oladipo Solake
Show answer
Answer: D. Oladipo Solake
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks who founded the West African Students Union (WASU), a key organisation in the history of West African nationalism.
Explain the concept: WASU was founded in London in 1925 by West African students studying in Britain. Its aims were to promote unity among West Africans, defend their interests, and challenge colonial rule and racial discrimination. Its leading founder was Ladipo Solanke, a Nigerian law student from Ogun State, with support from Dr. Herbert Bankole-Bright of Sierra Leone. Many future nationalist leaders, such as Kwame Nkrumah, Nnamdi Azikiwe, and Jomo Kenyatta, were associated with it or influenced by it.
Go through the options:
- A. Siaka Stevens: A Sierra Leonean politician who became Prime Minister and later President. He was not a WASU founder.
- B. K. A. Gbedemah: A Ghanaian politician and finance minister under Nkrumah, associated with the CPP. He was not a WASU founder.
- C. E. F. Small: Edward Francis Small was a Gambian trade unionist who founded the Gambia Labour Union and the Bathurst Trade Union. He was not a WASU founder.
- D. Oladipo Solake: This is the spelling in the question for Ladipo Solanke, the founder of WASU in 1925.
Tip: Link the name Solanke with WASU 1925, London. Also remember the other options by their organisations: Small for the Gambian labour movement, Stevens for Sierra Leone politics, and Gbedemah for the Ghanaian CPP.
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- 21.
Which of the following countries is a unitary state?
- A.Nigeria
- B.Egypt
- C.Ghana
- D.Canada
Show answer
Answer: C. Ghana
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- 22.
One way of improving productivity in the public service is through?
- A.promotion without examination
- B.higher salaries and allowances
- C.increase in working hours
- D.open door policy
Show answer
Answer: B. higher salaries and allowances
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for one way of improving productivity (output and efficiency) among workers in the public service (civil service).
Step 2: Explain the concept Productivity in any organisation depends largely on worker motivation. Workers who are well paid and well taken care of tend to be more committed, less likely to engage in corruption or absenteeism, and more willing to perform. Motivation in the public service typically comes from:
- Good pay and allowances
- Prompt payment of salaries
- Promotion based on merit
- Training and staff development
- Good working conditions
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Promotion without examination: This ignores merit and can lower standards. It encourages mediocrity, so it does not improve productivity. Promotion should be based on performance, qualifications, and seniority.
- B. Higher salaries and allowances: This motivates workers, reduces the urge for bribery, and increases commitment and output. This is a recognised way of raising productivity.
- C. Increase in working hours: Longer hours do not necessarily mean more output. They can cause fatigue and lower morale, so they do not reliably improve productivity.
- D. Open door policy: This is about foreign trade and investment, or in administration, about accessibility of management. It is not a direct means of improving worker productivity in the public service.
Step 4: Answer The best answer is B. higher salaries and allowances.
Tip: For "improving productivity" questions in Government, think "motivation": good pay, training, merit-based promotion, and good working conditions. Be wary of options that sound like shortcuts, such as promotion without examination or simply longer hours.
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- 23.
Political participation can take the form of __________
- A.belonging to a trade union
- B.being a member of a pressure group
- C.canvassing for votes
- D.organizing festival for good harvest
Show answer
Answer: C. canvassing for votes
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which activity is a form of political participation, meaning actions by citizens that take part in or influence government and the political process.
Step 2: Explain the concept Political participation includes:
- Voting in elections
- Contesting for office
- Joining a political party
- Attending political rallies
- Campaigning and canvassing for votes
- Paying taxes and taking part in public debates
The key idea is a direct link to politics or government, such as choosing leaders or shaping policy.
Step 3: Examine each option
- A. Belonging to a trade union: This is mainly economic or labour-related. A union protects workers' welfare. It can become political, but joining one is not primarily political participation.
- B. Being a member of a pressure group: Pressure groups try to influence government policy, so this can count as indirect political involvement. Still, a pressure group is not a political party and does not seek to control power. It is less direct than option C.
- C. Canvassing for votes: This is a clear, direct political activity. It means campaigning to win support for a candidate or party during elections.
- D. Organizing a festival for good harvest: This is a cultural or social activity with no political content.
Step 4: Identify the answer Canvassing for votes is the most direct and unmistakable example of political participation. The answer is C.
Tip: In WASSCE Government questions, pick the option that is most directly tied to elections, parties, or government decisions. Trade unions and pressure groups are "interest groups", while canvassing, voting, and campaigning are the classic political participation activities.
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- 24.
The formation of the African Union is aimed at achieving a wider goal of ________
- A.cultural integration
- B.continental government
- C.national solidarity
- D.African identity
Show answer
Answer: B. continental government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the wider, overall goal behind creating the African Union (AU), which replaced the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 2002.
Step 2: Explain the concept The OAU (1963) focused on decolonization, ending apartheid, and defending the sovereignty of member states. The AU was created to go further. Its Constitutive Act (2000) stresses:
- Greater unity and solidarity among African countries
- Accelerated political and socio-economic integration
- Promotion of peace, security, and stability
- Democracy and good governance
- Development of Africa through a common platform
Its long-term vision, shaped strongly by leaders like Muammar Gaddafi and Kwame Nkrumah's earlier Pan-African ideal, is closer integration that may eventually lead to a "United States of Africa", meaning a union of the continent under a common government.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Cultural integration: Culture is promoted, but it is not the AU's main aim.
- B. Continental government: This matches the ultimate Pan-Africanist goal of deeper political and economic integration, working toward a continental union.
- C. National solidarity: This concerns unity within a single country, not the continent.
- D. African identity: This is a supporting theme, but it is narrower than the broader integration goal.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. continental government.
Tip: For AU/OAU questions, remember the shift: OAU = freedom and independence; AU = integration and development. If an option mentions "continental" or "union/integration" in a political sense, it is usually the right choice.
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- 25.
An institution under the executive arm of government responsible for formulating and implementing government policies is the ________
- A.public service
- B.public corporation
- C.civil service
- D.judicial service
Show answer
Answer: C. civil service
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- 26.
Which of the following is a reason for the failure of the assimilation policy in French West Africa?
- A.The change in name of their culture
- B.The refusal of the African to be culturally colonized
- C.The paternal policy of the French
- D.Bribery of the opinion leaders by the French
Show answer
Answer: B. The refusal of the African to be culturally colonized
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks why France's assimilation policy in French West Africa failed. Assimilation aimed to turn Africans into "Frenchmen" by teaching them French language, culture, and values. Only a small number of Africans, called évolués, ever became French citizens.
Step 2: The concept Under assimilation, France believed its culture was superior and that colonial subjects could be "civilized" by adopting it. The policy failed for several reasons:
- It was too costly and impractical to apply to millions of people.
- Very few Africans qualified for French citizenship (in Senegal only the Four Communes: Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gorée, Rufisque).
- The French were reluctant to grant full equality.
- Many Africans resisted giving up their own culture, religion (for example Islam), and traditions.
- Colonial administrators found it impossible to treat Africans as equal citizens while still exploiting them.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. The change in name of their culture: Not a recognized reason. Irrelevant.
- B. The refusal of the African to be culturally colonized: Africans valued their own traditions, languages, and religions and resisted wholesale cultural replacement. This is a recognized reason for the policy's failure.
- C. The paternal policy of the French: "Paternalism" is more associated with the later policy of association, not the failure of assimilation. It is not the best answer here.
- D. Bribery of opinion leaders: Not a documented reason for the failure.
Step 4: Answer
Tip: Remember the contrast: Assimilation = make Africans French (failed because of cost, the French reluctance to grant equality, and African attachment to their own culture). Association = a more flexible policy that allowed Africans to keep their own institutions under French oversight. For Government questions on colonial policies, link each policy to its reason for failure or adoption.
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- 27.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of proportional representation?
- A.encourages rigging
- B.promotes strong government
- C.makes for easy decision making in parliament
- D.is difficult and cumbersome to operate
Show answer
Answer: D. is difficult and cumbersome to operate
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We need the disadvantage of proportional representation (PR). Watch out: some options describe advantages.
Step 2: Explain the concept Under proportional representation, seats in the legislature are shared among parties according to the percentage of votes each party gets. It is used in countries such as Israel and the Netherlands.
Advantages: it gives fair representation to minority parties, reflects the wishes of voters accurately, and leaves few votes "wasted".
Disadvantages:
- The system is complicated for voters and electoral officials (counting, allocating seats, using party lists).
- It often produces coalition governments, which can be unstable and weak.
- It weakens the link between a representative and a particular constituency.
- It can slow down decision making because many parties must agree.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Encourages rigging: Not a recognised feature of PR. Rigging is a matter of how elections are administered, not a defect built into the system.
- B. Promotes strong government: This is wrong. PR tends to produce coalitions, so it usually leads to weak government. It is also not a disadvantage.
- C. Makes for easy decision making in parliament: This is wrong. With many parties, decision making is usually harder, and in any case this wording describes an advantage.
- D. Is difficult and cumbersome to operate: This is correct. PR involves complex counting formulas, party lists, and large multi-member constituencies, so it is costly and hard to administer and to understand.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D.
Exam tip: When a question asks for a "disadvantage," eliminate any option that sounds positive (strong, easy, promotes). For PR, remember the keywords: complex, costly, coalition, unstable.
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- 28.
The principle of separating the judiciary from the other organs of government and making it free from executive and legislative influence is termed __________
- A.judiciary
- B.judicial review
- C.separation of powers
- D.fusions of powers
Show answer
Answer: C. separation of powers
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- 29.
Under the crown colony system of administration, major policies were implemented in the colonies by the ________
- A.Chiefs and their elders
- B.Secretary of states for the colonies
- C.Chiefs and the British
- D.Colonial governor
Show answer
Answer: D. Colonial governor
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- 30.
One of the features of pressure groups is that all members ________
- A.are rich
- B.think in the same way
- C.have similar interests
- D.oppose the government
Show answer
Answer: C. have similar interests
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks for a defining feature of pressure groups, specifically what all members share.
Explain the concept: A pressure group (also called an interest group) is an organized association of people who share a common interest or goal. They try to influence government policies and decisions without seeking to take control of government, which is what political parties do. Examples in Nigeria include the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), the Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), and the Nigeria Bar Association (NBA).
Solution: test each option
- A. are rich: Wrong. Members come from all economic backgrounds. Trade unions, for example, include ordinary workers.
- B. think in the same way: Wrong. Members may differ in opinions on many matters. They only agree on the particular issue that brought them together.
- C. have similar interests: Correct. The group forms around a shared concern, such as workers' welfare, professional standards, or students' rights.
- D. oppose the government: Wrong. Pressure groups often cooperate with government and only oppose it on specific policies they disagree with.
Answer: The correct option is C. have similar interests.
Exam tip: Remember "Pressure group = Peoples with Common interest." If you see "common," "shared," or "similar interests" in an option about pressure groups, it is usually the right answer. Be wary of absolute words in the other options, like "all are rich" or "oppose the government," because they are too extreme.
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- 31.
The following are redresses available at the courts for aggrieved people except _________
- A.injunction
- B.mandamus
- C.certiorari
- D.prorogation
Show answer
Answer: D. prorogation
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We are asked which option is NOT a remedy (redress) that courts can give to an aggrieved person.
Concept: In Government (and law generally), courts provide remedies, especially prerogative writs and equitable orders, to people whose rights have been violated:
- Injunction: A court order that stops a person or body from doing something (or, in some cases, compels them to act).
- Mandamus: "We command." A writ ordering a public official or body to perform a public duty they have failed to perform.
- Certiorari: A writ that brings the decision of a lower court or tribunal before a higher court to be reviewed and quashed if it was unlawful.
- Others you should know: habeas corpus (produce a detained person before the court), prohibition, quo warranto, damages, and declaration.
Examine each option:
- A. Injunction is a court remedy.
- B. Mandamus is a court remedy.
- C. Certiorari is a court remedy.
- D. Prorogation is not a court remedy. It means the formal ending of a session of the legislature (parliament) without dissolving it. It is done by the Head of State or Executive, not by the courts.
Answer: D, prorogation, is the exception.
Exam tip: Remember the court writs with "M-C-H-P-Q": Mandamus, Certiorari, Habeas corpus, Prohibition, Quo warranto. If you see a term about legislative sessions (prorogation, dissolution, adjournment, summoning), it relates to the legislature's calendar, not judicial remedies.
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- 32.
The observance of Rule of Law in a state requires _________
- A.an independent judiciary
- B.an ineffective police system
- C.a flexible constitution
- D.existence of a two-party system
Show answer
Answer: A. an independent judiciary
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- 33.
The flexibility and rigidity of the constitution refer to the __________
- A.sources of constitution
- B.making of constitution
- C.ease of amending constitution
- D.coding of constitution
Show answer
Answer: C. ease of amending constitution
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what "flexibility" and "rigidity" describe when we talk about a constitution.
Step 2: Explain the concept Constitutions are classified in different ways:
- Written vs. unwritten is about how the constitution is coded (whether it is in a single document).
- Flexible vs. rigid is about how easily the constitution can be amended or changed.
- A flexible constitution can be amended easily, often by the ordinary legislative process, with a simple majority. An example is the British constitution.
- A rigid constitution requires a special, more difficult procedure to amend it, such as a two-thirds or three-fourths majority in the legislature, or approval by state legislatures or a referendum. Examples are the Nigerian constitution (1999) and the American constitution.
Step 3: Go through the options
- A. Sources of constitution: This is about where the constitution comes from, such as customs, statutes and conventions. It is not what flexibility means.
- B. Making of constitution: This is about how it is drafted, for example by a constituent assembly. It is not what flexibility means.
- C. Ease of amending constitution: Correct. Flexibility and rigidity measure how easy or difficult it is to change the constitution.
- D. Coding of constitution: This refers to written versus unwritten constitutions, which is a different classification.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. ease of amending constitution.
Exam tip: Link the words to their meaning. "Flexible" means it bends easily, so it is easy to amend. "Rigid" means stiff, so it is hard to amend. Also remember that written/unwritten is about form, while flexible/rigid is about amendment.
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- 34.
The African Union is most often unable to resolve conflicts because of _________
- A.financial weekness
- B.absence of African High Command
- C.Differences in Culture
- D.Language barrier and race
Show answer
Answer: B. absence of African High Command
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- 35.
The document which sets out the programme of a political party and guides the electorate to vote for it is the ________
- A.constitution
- B.electoral register
- C.manifesto
- D.white paper
Show answer
Answer: C. manifesto
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- 36.
The police perform all the following functions except ________
- A.Public execution of law breakers
- B.prosecuting law breakers
- C.protection of life and property
- D.enforcement of law and order
Show answer
Answer: A. Public execution of law breakers
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We need the one option that is NOT a function of the police. This is an "except" question, so three options are real police duties and one is not.
Concept: The police are the law enforcement agency. In Nigeria, the Nigeria Police Force's main functions include:
- Protecting life and property
- Maintaining law and order
- Preventing and detecting crime
- Arresting suspects and investigating crimes
- Prosecuting offenders in some courts (police prosecutors handle cases in magistrate and district courts)
- Escorting and guarding, and controlling crowds and traffic
Sentencing and punishing offenders belongs to the judiciary (courts). The carrying out of sentences, such as imprisonment, belongs to the prison/correctional service (and, where the law allows, to other authorised officials). The police do not carry out executions themselves.
Option by option:
- A. Public execution of law breakers: The police do not do this. Punishment follows a court judgment and is carried out by authorised officials, not by the police on their own. Also, "public execution" is not a recognised police function. This is the exception.
- B. Prosecuting law breakers: Police prosecutors do this in lower courts, so it is a police function.
- C. Protection of life and property: This is a core police duty.
- D. Enforcement of law and order: This is also a core police duty.
Answer: The only option that is not a police function is A.
Exam tip: Remember the separation of roles: Police arrest and investigate, courts judge, prisons punish. If an option has the police imposing or carrying out punishment, it is usually the "except" answer. Also read "except" questions carefully, because you are looking for the false statement.
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- 37.
In modern democracy, a government is _________
- A.a contrast between the rulers and the ruled
- B.a preserve of the political party in power
- C.monopoly of the ethnic group
- D.alternation of power between the majority and minority tribes
Show answer
Answer: A. a contrast between the rulers and the ruled
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- 38.
Public opinion is important in that, it ________
- A.helps political parties to assess their policies
- B.creates delays in the execution of policies
- C.may be unreliable and misleading
- D.can be manipulated by political opponents
Show answer
Answer: A. helps political parties to assess their policies
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- 39.
An advantage of a two-party system is that it __________
- A.simplifies the electoral process
- B.ensures winner takes all
- C.protects the electoral commission
- D.protects the electorate from votr buying
Show answer
Answer: A. simplifies the electoral process
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for an advantage of a two-party system, which is a political system where only two major parties dominate elections (e.g., the USA with Democrats and Republicans).
Step 2: Explain the concept In a two-party system:
- Voters choose between only two main alternatives.
- The ballot is simple and the choices are clear.
- One party usually wins a majority, which leads to stable government and fewer coalitions.
- Political debate is easier to follow because the issues are polarised between two positions.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Simplifies the electoral process. Correct. With only two main parties, voters have fewer choices, ballot papers are simpler, voting is easier to understand, and counting and declaring results is more straightforward.
- B. Ensures winner takes all. This describes an electoral formula (such as first-past-the-post). It is not a real advantage of a two-party system, and many would see it as a weakness.
- C. Protects the electoral commission. Nothing in the two-party system does this, and the option has no link to party structure.
- D. Protects the electorate from vote buying. Vote buying can happen in any system, so a two-party system offers no guarantee against it.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A, since a two-party system makes the electoral process simpler for voters and for election officials.
Tip: In WASSCE Government, remember the typical pairing:
- Two-party system → simple, clear choices, stable government.
- Multi-party system → wide choice and representation, but coalitions and possible instability.
When you see "advantage of a two-party system," look for words like simple, stable, clear choice.
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- 40.
The national secretariat of a political party is managed by the ________
- A.presidential candidate
- B.funding members
- C.national chairman and general secretary
- D.national executive and youth organizer
Show answer
Answer: C. national chairman and general secretary
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks who manages the national secretariat of a political party. The secretariat is the administrative headquarters of the party, so we need the officials responsible for its day-to-day running.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Nigerian political parties, such as the APC, PDP and Labour Party, the national secretariat is the permanent office, usually in Abuja, that handles administration, records, correspondence, membership registers and organization of party activities.
The key officers who run it are:
- National Chairman: the overall head of the party and its chief administrator.
- National Secretary / General Secretary: the chief administrative officer, who keeps the records, issues notices and coordinates the secretariat staff.
Other officers, such as the Youth Leader, Treasurer and Publicity Secretary, assist, but they do not head the secretariat.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Presidential candidate: Wrong. He or she is the party's flagbearer in an election, not the administrator of its office.
- B. Funding members: Wrong. Financial contributors have no formal role in managing the secretariat.
- C. National chairman and general secretary: Correct. They are the top executive and administrative officers of the party.
- D. National executive and youth organizer: Wrong. The National Executive Committee is a policy and governing body, not the manager of the secretariat, and the youth organizer handles only youth affairs.
Step 4: Answer The national secretariat of a political party is managed by the national chairman and general secretary, which is option C.
Exam tip: Remember "Chairman leads, Secretary administers." When a question asks about running the office or secretariat, think of the chairman and secretary first. Options that name a single-purpose officer, such as the youth organizer, or an outside group, such as funders, are usually distractors.
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- 41.
One of the limitations to the principles of rule of law is _________
- A.Immunity
- B.equality
- C.liberty
- D.impartiality
Show answer
Answer: A. Immunity
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- 42.
A feature of a confederal state is that _______
- A.it is a single sovereign state
- B.its constitution is flexible
- C.any unit can secede at will
- D.its powers are distributed equally between the centre and units
Show answer
Answer: C. any unit can secede at will
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- 43.
Which of the following is a function of an electoral commission?
- A.adjudicating election petitions
- B.provision of electoral registers
- C.disciplining personnel in the civil service
- D.promotion of public servants
Show answer
Answer: B. provision of electoral registers
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which option is a function of an electoral commission, such as INEC in Nigeria.
Step 2: Explain the concept An electoral commission is the body that organizes and supervises elections. Its main functions include:
- Registering voters and preparing and maintaining the voters' register
- Delimiting constituencies
- Registering political parties
- Conducting and supervising elections
- Announcing results and issuing certificates of return
- Monitoring party activities and campaign finance
- Providing voter education
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Adjudicating election petitions: Incorrect. Election petitions are heard by election petition tribunals and courts, not by the electoral commission. The commission runs the election, and the judiciary settles disputes about it.
- B. Provision of electoral registers: Correct. Preparing, updating and providing the register of voters is a core duty of the electoral commission.
- C. Disciplining personnel in the civil service: Incorrect. This belongs to the Civil Service Commission.
- D. Promotion of public servants: Incorrect. This also belongs to the Civil Service Commission or the Public Service Commission.
Step 4: Answer
Tip: Match each commission to its job. The electoral commission handles voters, registers, elections and results. The civil service or public service commission handles hiring, promotion and discipline. The courts and tribunals handle disputes and petitions. If an option is about "petitions," think judiciary. If it is about "promotion or discipline," think civil service commission.
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- 44.
If a winner emerges in an election as a result of his/her votes being more than the combined votes of the opposing contestants, what types of electoral system is being practised?
- A.Absolute majority
- B.plurality
- C.second ballot
- D.alternative vote
Show answer
Answer: A. Absolute majority
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The winner's votes are more than the combined votes of all the other candidates. That means the winner has over 50% of the valid votes cast.
Explain the concept:
- Absolute majority: the winner must get more than 50% of the votes, which is more than all the other candidates put together.
- Plurality (simple majority): the winner only needs the most votes, even if that is below 50%. For example, 40% beats 30%, 20% and 10%, but 40% is less than the combined 60% of the others.
- Second ballot: a run-off is held if no candidate gets an absolute majority in the first round. It is a method for reaching an absolute majority, not the description of the outcome itself.
- Alternative vote: voters rank candidates, and lower-ranked candidates are eliminated and their votes transferred until someone has a majority.
Solution: Suppose a candidate gets 55 votes out of 100. The others share 45 votes in total, so 55 > 45. The winner beat the combined opposition, which is exactly an absolute majority.
Under plurality, the winner could have 35 votes against 30, 20 and 15. That is not more than the combined 65 votes of the others, so the description in the question does not fit.
Answer: A. Absolute majority
Tip: Link the key phrases to the systems:
- "More than all others combined" or "over 50%" means absolute majority.
- "Highest number of votes" or "most votes" means plurality.
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- 45.
Which of the following usually leads to the curtailment of the rights of citizens?
- A.transitional period
- B.granting of presidential pardon
- C.period of constitutional pardon
- D.violent socio-political unrest
Show answer
Answer: D. violent socio-political unrest
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks what usually causes citizens' rights to be curtailed (limited or restricted).
Concept: In a state, citizens' rights (such as freedom of movement, assembly, and expression) are guaranteed by the constitution. They can only be limited under special circumstances, such as a state of emergency, war, or a breakdown of law and order. During these times, the government may impose curfews, ban rallies, restrict movement, or detain suspects to restore peace and security.
Evaluate the options:
- A. Transitional period: This is a time of handing over from one government to another (e.g. military to civilian rule). It does not by itself restrict rights, so it is not the best answer.
- B. Granting of presidential pardon: This is an act of mercy that frees or forgives an offender. It restores liberty, not restricts it.
- C. Period of constitutional pardon: This is not a standard concept and also relates to forgiveness and leniency, so it does not curtail rights.
- D. Violent socio-political unrest: Riots, insurrections, communal clashes, and political violence often lead governments to declare a state of emergency, impose curfews, and suspend some rights. This is the correct cause.
Answer: D. Violent socio-political unrest.
Exam tip: For questions on "limitation or derogation of rights," think of emergencies: war, riots, public disorder, and threats to national security. Anything involving pardon, mercy, or freedom usually points the opposite way.
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- 46.
Which of the following is a non-partisan organisation with the aim of influencing government policies?
- A.Political party
- B.Pressure group
- C.Humanitarian
- D.Relief organization
Show answer
Answer: B. Pressure group
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We need an organisation that is (a) non-partisan, meaning it does not seek to hold political power or back a party, and (b) aims to influence government policies.
Step 2: Explain the concept
- Political party: An organised group that seeks to win elections and control government. It is partisan by nature, so it does not fit.
- Pressure group: An organised group of people with shared interests who try to influence government decisions and policies without seeking to take over power. Examples in Nigeria: Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), Nigerian Medical Association (NMA).
- Humanitarian organisation: Focuses on relieving human suffering, and its main aim is not influencing policy.
- Relief organisation: Provides aid during disasters or emergencies, also not mainly about shaping policy.
Step 3: Solve
- Is it non-partisan? Pressure groups do not contest elections or form the government. ✔
- Does it aim to influence government policy? Yes, through lobbying, strikes, petitions, protests and press campaigns. ✔
- Political parties fail the non-partisan test. Humanitarian and relief organisations fail the policy-influence test as their primary aim.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. Pressure group.
Exam tip: Remember the contrast: Political party = wants to win power; Pressure group = wants to influence power. If a question mentions "influence policy without seeking office," think pressure group.
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- 47.
The following are means of controlling public corporation except _________
- A.legislative control
- B.judicial control
- C.ministerial control
- D.chief of staff control
Show answer
Answer: D. chief of staff control
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We are asked which option is NOT a means of controlling public corporations (government-owned enterprises such as NNPC, NEPA/PHCN, or the Nigerian Ports Authority).
Concept: Public corporations are set up by an Act of the legislature or a decree. The government keeps control over them to make sure they serve the public interest and don't misuse funds. The usual methods of control are:
- Legislative control: The National Assembly creates the corporation through an Act, can debate its reports and accounts, investigate it through committees, and approve its budget.
- Ministerial control: The supervising minister appoints the board members, gives policy directions, and approves major decisions.
- Judicial control: The courts can review the corporation's actions and decide whether it acted within its legal powers (ultra vires). They can also hear cases brought against it.
- Other methods: Audit of accounts, presidential/executive directives, and public complaints commissions.
Step-by-step solution:
- A. Legislative control is a recognized method, so it is not the answer.
- B. Judicial control is a recognized method, so it is not the answer.
- C. Ministerial control is a recognized method, so it is not the answer.
- D. "Chief of staff control" is not a recognized method of controlling public corporations. The Chief of Staff is an adviser and administrator in the Presidency and has no formal supervisory role over public corporations.
Answer: D.
Exam tip: For "control of public corporations," remember L-M-J: Legislative, Ministerial, Judicial. If an option does not fit these (or the audit and presidential directive categories), it is probably the "except" answer. Always read the word "except" carefully, because you are looking for the odd one out.
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- 48.
Which of the following is a feature of the French policy of Association?
- A.Elevation of the position of the chiefs
- B.French citizenship to subjects
- C.scholarships to needy students
- D.language barrier and race
Show answer
Answer: A. Elevation of the position of the chiefs
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- 49.
An opposition party which sees itself as ''government -in-waiting'' is called ______
- A.shadow government
- B.caretaker government
- C.national government
- D.responsible government
Show answer
Answer: A. shadow government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term used for an opposition party that sees itself as a "government-in-waiting", meaning it is ready to take over power when the ruling party loses.
Step 2: Key concept In parliamentary systems such as the UK, the main opposition party forms a shadow government (or shadow cabinet). Each of its members "shadows" a minister in the real government. They study the ruling party's policies, criticise them, and prepare alternative policies so they can take over smoothly if they win an election.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Shadow government: Correct. It is the opposition's alternative team, ready to govern.
- B. Caretaker government: A temporary government that runs affairs for a short period, for example between regimes or before an election. It is not an opposition party.
- C. National government: A coalition of parties that work together, often in a crisis. It is not an opposition.
- D. Responsible government: A government that is accountable to the legislature and the people. It does not describe an opposition.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. shadow government.
Exam tip: Think "shadow follows the real thing." The shadow cabinet mirrors the real cabinet, minister for minister. When you see "government-in-waiting" or "alternative government," think shadow.
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- 50.
A military coup d'etat is followed by _________
- A.enforcement of fundamental human rights
- B.suspension of the constitution
- C.breaking of diplomatic relations with foreign countries
- D.mass importation of firearms
Show answer
Answer: B. suspension of the constitution
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what typically follows a military coup d'état, which is the forceful overthrow of a government by the armed forces.
Step 2: Explain the concept When the military seizes power, it removes the civilian government and its legal framework. In Nigeria's history (for example, January 1966, December 1983, and August 1985), the new military rulers announced the following soon after taking over:
- The constitution was suspended, or parts of it were.
- The legislature (National Assembly) was dissolved.
- Political activities and parties were banned.
- Rule by decree began, through bodies such as the Supreme Military Council or the Armed Forces Ruling Council.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Enforcement of fundamental human rights: Incorrect. Military regimes usually restrict rights through detentions and decrees.
- B. Suspension of the constitution: Correct. It is the first and most common step, because the military cannot rule under a constitution that gives power to civilians.
- C. Breaking of diplomatic relations with foreign countries: Incorrect. Coups do not automatically cause this. Regimes usually seek recognition from other countries.
- D. Mass importation of firearms: Incorrect. The military already has weapons, and this is not a typical consequence.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. suspension of the constitution.
Exam tip: Remember the phrase "Coup → Constitution suspended → Decrees." If a Government question asks what follows a coup, think of the legal and political changes (suspension of the constitution, dissolution of legislature, ban on parties) rather than economic or foreign-policy changes.
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