2024 WAEC (WASSCE) Government Past Questions and Answers
The 2024 WAEC (WASSCE) Government past questions with answers: 50 objective questions from the 2024 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.
Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.
Questions
- 1.
One of the pivotal roles played by pressure groups in a functioning democracy is the
- A.implementation of public policy by them
- B.influence on public policy decisions
- C.trumpeting of good deeds of a government always
- D.blackmailing of the government to act in their favour
Show answer
Answer: B. influence on public policy decisions
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about a key (pivotal) role pressure groups play in a democracy.
Step 2: Explain the concept Pressure groups (e.g., NLC, NBA, ASUU, NMA) are organized groups that seek to influence government policy and decisions without seeking to take over governmental power, as political parties do. They do this through lobbying, petitions, protests, strikes, media campaigns, and presenting expert advice.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Implementation of public policy by them: Wrong. Implementation is the job of the executive and its civil service or agencies, not pressure groups.
- B. Influence on public policy decisions: Correct. Influencing policy formulation and decisions on behalf of their members or a cause is the defining function of pressure groups.
- C. Trumpeting of good deeds of a government always: Wrong. Pressure groups are not government praise-singers. They often criticize government actions, and the word "always" makes this option unreasonable.
- D. Blackmailing of the government: Wrong. Blackmail is illegitimate and undemocratic. Pressure groups use lawful means such as lobbying, dialogue, and peaceful protest.
Step 4: Answer
Tip: Remember the keyword "influence." Pressure groups influence policy, while governments make and implement it. In WASSCE and JAMB Government questions, look for the option that is lawful and constructive, and be careful of extreme words like "always."
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- 2.
Diplomacy plays a vital role in shaping the interactions between states and by extension maintaining
- A.bipolar world
- B.global stability
- C.power blocks
- D.unipolar world
Show answer
Answer: B. global stability
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks what diplomacy helps maintain when it shapes interactions between states. It is about the purpose of diplomacy in international relations.
Explain the concept: Diplomacy is the management of relations between states through negotiation, dialogue, treaties, and representation, using ambassadors, embassies, and high commissions. Its main aims are to:
- Promote peaceful co-existence
- Settle disputes without war
- Protect national interests
- Encourage cooperation in trade, security, and culture
Because diplomacy encourages peaceful resolution of conflicts and cooperation, its broad outcome is peace and stability in the international system.
Solution (step by step):
- A. Bipolar world: This is a world dominated by two superpowers, as in the Cold War (USA and USSR). It is a power structure, not a goal of diplomacy.
- B. Global stability: Diplomacy reduces tension, prevents wars, and resolves disputes peacefully. This fits the question.
- C. Power blocs: These are alliances like NATO or the Warsaw Pact. They are a result of rivalry and alignments, not the purpose of diplomacy.
- D. Unipolar world: This is a world dominated by one superpower. It is also a power structure, not a goal of diplomacy.
Tip: In Government questions on diplomacy, look for words like peace, stability, cooperation, and conflict resolution. Options describing power structures (bipolar, unipolar, blocs) are usually distractors.
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- 3.
One of the reasons for having two legislative chambers in the governance structure of a country is to ensure the
- A.executive is kept under check and control
- B.powers of the lower chamber is suppressed
- C.strict control of the affairs of the state
- D.thorough scrutiny of legislation
Show answer
Answer: D. thorough scrutiny of legislation
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks why a country would have a bicameral legislature (two chambers, such as Nigeria's Senate and House of Representatives). We need the reason that is specific to having two chambers.
Step 2: Explain the concept A bicameral legislature is a lawmaking body with two houses. The main reasons for it are:
- Thorough scrutiny of bills: a bill must pass through both chambers, so it is debated and reviewed twice. This reduces hasty or poorly drafted laws.
- Representation of different interests: in a federal state like Nigeria, the Senate gives equal representation to every state (3 senators each), while the House represents population size.
- Checks within the legislature: one chamber can balance the other, which prevents the abuse of power.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Executive is kept under check and control: This is a function of the legislature as a whole, even a unicameral one. It is not a reason specific to having two chambers.
- B. Powers of the lower chamber is suppressed: The aim is to balance the chambers, not to suppress one. This is incorrect.
- C. Strict control of the affairs of the state: This is vague and does not describe the purpose of bicameralism.
- D. Thorough scrutiny of legislation: Two chambers mean every bill is examined twice, which is the classic reason for a bicameral system. This is correct.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is D. thorough scrutiny of legislation.
Tip: When you see "two chambers" or "bicameral" in an exam question, think "double check on laws". Phrases like "second look", "review of bills" and "avoiding hasty legislation" nearly always point to the right option.
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- 4.
One of the reasons for which the United Nations (UN) is considered as the only influential world body is the fact that it
- A.plays a crucial role in international diplomacy
- B.supports the war mission of member countries
- C.influences regime change by supporting the opposition
- D.withholds humanitarian support to military regimes
Show answer
Answer: A. plays a crucial role in international diplomacy
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks why the UN is seen as the most influential world body. We need the option that describes a genuine, positive function of the UN that gives it that standing.
Step 2: Concept The UN was founded in 1945 to maintain international peace and security, promote cooperation among nations, and protect human rights. Its influence comes from:
- Its near-universal membership (193 member states)
- The Security Council, which can pass binding resolutions, impose sanctions and authorize peacekeeping
- The General Assembly, which acts as a forum where all states can talk and negotiate
- Its agencies (UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO, etc.) and its mediation work
In short, the UN acts as a platform for diplomacy, which means settling disputes through dialogue and negotiation rather than war.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Plays a crucial role in international diplomacy: Correct. The UN mediates conflicts, hosts negotiations, and is the main forum for dialogue between states.
- B. Supports the war mission of member countries: Wrong. The UN exists to prevent war and does not back member states' wars. Force is authorized only under the Security Council as a last resort.
- C. Influences regime change by supporting the opposition: Wrong. The UN Charter (Article 2(7)) forbids interference in the domestic affairs of member states.
- D. Withholds humanitarian support to military regimes: Wrong. The UN gives humanitarian aid based on need, not on the type of government.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A.
Exam tip: For questions on international organizations, choose the option that matches their core purpose: peace, diplomacy, cooperation. Eliminate options that involve war support, interference in internal affairs, or punishing people, because these contradict the UN Charter.
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- 5.
One of the following options does not pass as a means of ensuring the independence of the judiciary which is
- A.immunity from prosecution
- B.promotion on merit
- C.security of tenure
- D.salary determined by the executive
Show answer
Answer: D. salary determined by the executive
AI explanation
Analyze the question: You're asked to find the option that does NOT help ensure the independence of the judiciary.
Concept: Judicial independence means judges can decide cases freely, without pressure or interference from the executive, the legislature, or any other powerful group. It is protected by:
- Security of tenure: judges cannot be removed arbitrarily, only through a strict process (in Nigeria, by the President acting on an address of two-thirds of the Senate).
- Immunity from prosecution/legal action: judges cannot be sued or prosecuted for decisions made in the course of their duties, so they can rule without fear.
- Promotion on merit: advancement based on competence and performance, not on pleasing politicians.
- Fixed, protected remuneration: salaries and allowances are charged to the Consolidated Revenue Fund, so the executive cannot cut or raise them to reward or punish judges.
Step by step:
- A. Immunity from prosecution: protects judges, so it supports independence.
- B. Promotion on merit: reduces political influence, so it supports independence.
- C. Security of tenure: protects judges from dismissal, so it supports independence.
- D. Salary determined by the executive: if the executive controls judges' pay, it can reward favourable judgments and punish unfavourable ones. This weakens independence, so it is not a safeguard.
Answer: D, salary determined by the executive.
Tip: In "which does NOT" questions, look for the option that gives the executive or another outside body power over judges. Anything that lets the executive control judges' welfare, appointment, or removal undermines independence.
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- 6.
What encompasses a range of diplomatic, political, economic and security decisions and actions that a state embarks on to protect and promote sovereignty on the global stage?
- A.Alliances
- B.Foreign policy
- C.National interest
- D.constitutionalism
Show answer
Answer: B. Foreign policy
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question
The question asks for the term that covers a range of diplomatic, political, economic and security decisions and actions a state takes to protect and promote its sovereignty on the global stage. The key phrases are "range of decisions and actions" and "global stage" (i.e., relations with other states).
Step 2: Explain the concept
Foreign policy is the overall strategy or set of principles, decisions and actions a country adopts in dealing with other countries and international organisations. It covers diplomacy, trade and economic relations, defence and security, and political cooperation. Its purpose is to achieve the country's goals, such as security, economic growth, and respect for sovereignty.
Step 3: Test each option
- A. Alliances: These are formal agreements between states for mutual support (e.g., ECOWAS defence arrangements, NATO). They are only one tool of foreign policy, not the whole range of actions.
- B. Foreign policy: It covers diplomatic, political, economic and security actions directed at other states and the international system. This matches the description.
- C. National interest: This is the goal or objective (survival, security, prosperity) that foreign policy tries to achieve. It is not the set of decisions and actions itself.
- D. Constitutionalism: This is the idea that government power is limited by a constitution. It concerns domestic governance, not external relations.
Step 4: Answer
The correct answer is B. Foreign policy.
Exam tip: Remember the link: National interest is the "why," and foreign policy is the "how." If a question mentions actions, strategies or decisions toward other countries, think foreign policy. If it mentions goals or objectives a state wants to achieve, think national interest.
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- 7.
Accountability in constitutional democracy is best enforced through a system of
- A.checks and balances
- B.civil society organisations
- C.subversion of the law
- D.selection of the right leaders
Show answer
Answer: A. checks and balances
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which mechanism best enforces accountability in a constitutional democracy. Accountability means that those in power must answer for their actions and can be held responsible for them.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a constitutional democracy, power is divided among the three arms of government:
- Legislature (makes laws)
- Executive (implements laws)
- Judiciary (interprets laws)
Under checks and balances, each arm can monitor and limit the others. Examples from Nigeria:
- The National Assembly can investigate the executive, approve ministerial appointments, and even impeach the President or Governors.
- The Judiciary can declare executive or legislative actions unconstitutional (judicial review).
- The President can veto bills passed by the legislature.
Because this system is built into the constitution, it is institutional and legally binding. This is what makes it the strongest enforcer of accountability.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Checks and balances: Correct. It is a formal constitutional mechanism that forces each arm to answer to the others.
- B. Civil society organisations: They help by monitoring and advocating, but they have no constitutional power to enforce or sanction. They support accountability rather than enforce it.
- C. Subversion of the law: This means undermining the law, which is the opposite of accountability.
- D. Selection of the right leaders: Good leaders help, but selecting them does not guarantee accountability. Without institutional controls, even good leaders can abuse power.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is A. checks and balances.
Tip: When you see "enforced" or "best ensures" in a Government question about accountability, think of institutional mechanisms (checks and balances, separation of powers, judicial review) rather than informal ones like pressure groups or the media. A quick memory aid: "Checks stop abuse; balances share the load."
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- 8.
Which institution of state enables different groups and interests to be represented as well as actively participate in the political space?
- A.Advocate Groups
- B.Democracy
- C.Judiciary
- D.Political party
Show answer
Answer: D. Political party
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks which institution lets different groups and interests be represented and take an active part in political life.
Concept: In Government, a political party is an organized group of people with shared ideas and goals who seek to win political power by contesting elections. Its key functions include:
- Aggregating and articulating the interests of different groups
- Representing those interests in government (through elected members)
- Mobilizing citizens to participate in politics
- Recruiting and presenting candidates for office
Evaluate each option:
- A. Advocate (pressure) groups: They influence government policy but do not seek to take control of government or contest elections. They represent specific interests only, not a broad range of groups.
- B. Democracy: This is a system or form of government, not an institution of state.
- C. Judiciary: This is the arm of government that interprets the law and settles disputes. It has no role in representation or political participation.
- D. Political party: It brings together varied groups and interests, gives them representation, and offers a platform for active participation, such as voting, campaigning, and contesting elections.
Answer: D. Political party.
Exam tip: When a question mentions "representation," "participation," and "contesting for power," think political party. Remember that pressure/advocacy groups influence government while parties seek to form government.
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- 9.
The African Union (AU) aims at ensuring the following developments in member countries except for
- A.equal distribution of wealth
- B.governance and democracy
- C.peace and security
- D.social development
Show answer
Answer: A. equal distribution of wealth
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which development the African Union does NOT aim to ensure in its member countries. We need to find the odd one out.
Step 2: Recall the concept The AU was established in 2002 (replacing the OAU) under the Constitutive Act. Its main objectives include:
- Promoting peace, security and stability on the continent
- Promoting democratic principles, good governance and human rights
- Promoting sustainable economic, social and cultural development, and integration of African economies
- Accelerating the political and socio-economic integration of the continent
- Defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of member states
Step 3: Test each option
- B. Governance and democracy: an explicit AU objective (e.g., the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance). Included.
- C. Peace and security: a core objective, handled through the Peace and Security Council. Included.
- D. Social development: the AU promotes sustainable economic, social and cultural development. Included.
- A. Equal distribution of wealth: the AU promotes economic growth and integration, but it does not set out to ensure equal distribution of wealth among or within member countries. That is not a stated objective, and it is something each state handles through its own economic policy. Not included.
Step 4: Answer The option the AU does not aim to ensure is A. equal distribution of wealth.
Exam tip: In "except" questions, eliminate the options you can match to well-known AU objectives (peace, democracy, development). The one that sounds like an extreme or absolute claim, such as "equal distribution of wealth", is usually the exception.
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- 10.
Which situation in a democratic state can create an environment where military intervention is perceived as the only option to restore order, protect the population or address grievances?
- A.boycott of elections
- B.economic crises
- C.political crises
- D.youth unemployent
Show answer
Answer: C. political crises
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which situation in a democracy can make military intervention (a coup) look like the only way to restore order, protect people, or address grievances. The key phrases are "restore order" and "only option." These point to a breakdown of the political system itself.
Step 2: Explain the concept Military intervention in politics usually happens when civilian institutions (the executive, legislature, judiciary, and political parties) fail to work. In Nigeria, the coups of 1966 and 1983 followed election disputes, violence, and political deadlock. The military then justified its takeover as a way to "save the nation" from chaos.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Boycott of elections: This is a form of political protest. It can weaken legitimacy, but it is only one symptom and does not by itself create a breakdown of order.
- B. Economic crises: These cause hardship and unrest, but they are mainly economic. The military usually cites them as a secondary reason.
- C. Political crises: These include disputed elections, deadlock between arms of government, widespread violence, and a loss of confidence in leaders. They directly threaten law and order and the functioning of the state, so they create the strongest environment for the military to say it must step in.
- D. Youth unemployment: This is a social and economic problem. It breeds frustration, but it is a long-term issue and not an immediate trigger for intervention.
Step 4: Answer Political crises are the most direct cause of a situation where the military claims it must restore order and protect the population.
Correct option: C. political crises
Exam tip: When a question mentions "restore order" or "the only option" in the context of a government, look for the answer that describes a failure of political institutions. Words like political, constitutional, or institutional often point to the right choice in Government questions on coups.
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- 11.
The British Colonial policy in her West African territories was marked by the following strategies and structures except
- A.divide and rule
- B.economic exploitation
- C.indirect rule
- D.investments in the colonies
Show answer
Answer: D. investments in the colonies
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which option was NOT a strategy or structure of British colonial policy in West Africa. This is an "except" question, so three options are true of British rule and one is not.
Step 2: Review the concepts
- Divide and rule: The British exploited ethnic, religious and regional differences to prevent unified resistance. An example is the separate administration of Northern and Southern Nigeria.
- Economic exploitation: The colonies supplied raw materials such as palm oil, cocoa, groundnuts, cotton and tin, and served as markets for British manufactured goods.
- Indirect rule: Lord Lugard's system governed through traditional rulers and existing institutions, especially in Northern Nigeria.
- Investments in the colonies: The British did build railways, roads and ports, but these were mainly meant to move raw materials out and goods in, so they served British interests. Large-scale, deliberate development investment for the colonies' own benefit was not a hallmark of the policy.
Step 3: Eliminate options
- A, B and C were clear features of British colonial policy.
- D does not describe a defining strategy. The colonies were expected to be self-financing, with the colonial administration funded by local taxes and revenue, and little genuine investment in their development.
Step 4: Answer The option that was not a mark of British colonial policy is D. investments in the colonies.
Exam tip: Remember the British principle that "the colony must pay for itself." Colonial policy centered on control (indirect rule, divide and rule) and extraction (economic exploitation), not development. In "except" questions, look for the option that sounds most beneficial to the colonized people.
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- 12.
The ultimate source of power and authority which sets the state apart from other forms of political organisations is referred to as
- A.constitutionalism
- B.checks and balances
- C.rule of law
- D.sovereignty
Show answer
Answer: D. sovereignty
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term describing the ultimate source of power and authority that makes a state different from other political organisations (such as political parties, pressure groups, or local associations).
Step 2: Explain the concept In Government, a state has four key elements: population, defined territory, government, and sovereignty. Sovereignty is the supreme, absolute, and final authority of a state to make and enforce laws within its territory, free from external control. Other organisations (e.g., a church, a trade union, or a political party) may have rules and members, but none has this supreme legal authority.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Constitutionalism: the idea that government power should be limited by a constitution. It is about limiting power, not the ultimate source of authority.
- B. Checks and balances: a system where the arms of government (executive, legislature, judiciary) restrain one another to prevent abuse of power.
- C. Rule of law: the principle that everyone, including leaders, is subject to the law and equal before it.
- D. Sovereignty: the supreme power and authority of the state, which distinguishes it from all other associations. This matches the question.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. sovereignty.
Tip: Whenever you see "supreme," "ultimate," "final authority," or "what sets the state apart," think sovereignty. Remember the four elements of a state with the phrase P-T-G-S: Population, Territory, Government, Sovereignty.
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- 13.
The following influential nationalist leaders contributed significantly to shaping the political destiny and nation-states of West Africa except
- A.Dawda Kairaba Jawara
- B.Kwame Nkrumah
- C.Nnamdi Azikwe
- D.Oliver Tambo
Show answer
Answer: D. Oliver Tambo
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which person was NOT a West African nationalist leader. This is an "except" question, so we are looking for the odd one out.
Step 2: Review each option
- A. Dawda Kairaba Jawara – He was the first Prime Minister, and later President, of The Gambia. He led The Gambia to independence in 1965. He is a West African leader.
- B. Kwame Nkrumah – He led the Gold Coast to independence as Ghana in 1957, the first sub-Saharan African country to gain independence from colonial rule. He is a West African leader.
- C. Nnamdi Azikiwe – "Zik of Africa" was a leading Nigerian nationalist, the first Governor-General and then the first President of Nigeria. He is a West African leader.
- D. Oliver Tambo – He was a South African anti-apartheid leader and a long-time president of the African National Congress (ANC). He worked in Southern Africa, not West Africa.
Step 3: Answer Oliver Tambo is the only one who did not shape the politics or nation-states of West Africa, so he is the exception.
Exam tip: For "except" questions, find the option that doesn't fit the group by region or role. Link leaders to their countries:
- Nkrumah → Ghana
- Azikiwe → Nigeria
- Jawara → The Gambia
- Tambo, Mandela, Sisulu → South Africa (ANC)
Keep this list in mind, as WASSCE Government often asks questions about nationalists and their countries.
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- 14.
The fundamental principles by which a state is ordered and governed are usually outlined in a
- A.bill
- B.constitution
- C.parliamentary proceedings
- D.state manual
Show answer
Answer: B. constitution
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the document in which the fundamental principles for ordering and governing a state are set out.
Step 2: Explain the concept A constitution is the body of fundamental rules, principles, and laws by which a country is organised and governed. It usually:
- establishes the organs of government (the legislature, executive, and judiciary)
- defines their powers and limits
- protects citizens' rights and duties
- sets out how power is acquired and transferred
Nigeria's 1999 Constitution (as amended) is a good example.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Bill: A bill is only a proposed law presented to the legislature. It becomes an Act once it is passed and assented to. It is not a statement of the state's fundamental principles.
- B. Constitution: Correct. It is the supreme document that outlines the basic principles of governance.
- C. Parliamentary proceedings: These are the day-to-day activities and debates of the legislature, not a foundational document.
- D. State manual: This is not a recognised term in political science. It could at most be a guide for procedures.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. constitution.
Exam tip: When you see "fundamental principles," "supreme law," or "basic rules of governance," think constitution. Remember that a bill is only a proposal and not yet law.
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- 15.
In what way can the local government system assist in national development? By
- A.aligning local efforts with broader national goals
- B.depending on the central government for basic needs and development
- C.encouraging youth movement to the industrial centres
- D.ensuring only top-bottom policies of government are supported
Show answer
Answer: A. aligning local efforts with broader national goals
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- 16.
A government with corrupt rulers who use their power to exploit the people and natural resources of their own territory to extend their personal wealth and political power is described as
- A.autocracy
- B.capitalism
- C.kleptocracy
- D.oligarchy
Show answer
Answer: C. kleptocracy
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question describes a government whose rulers are corrupt, use power to exploit the people and natural resources, and do so to increase their personal wealth and political power. We need the term that matches this description.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Autocracy: rule by one person with absolute power. It describes who holds power, not whether they steal.
- Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production. It is not a form of government.
- Kleptocracy: from the Greek kleptes (thief) and kratos (rule), meaning "rule by thieves." It is a government whose leaders use their positions to plunder national resources and enrich themselves.
- Oligarchy: rule by a small group of people, usually the wealthy or powerful. It describes how many rule, not corruption.
Step 3: Match the description The key phrases are "corrupt rulers," "exploit the people and natural resources," and "extend their personal wealth." These point directly to theft of state resources for personal gain, which is the definition of kleptocracy.
Autocracy and oligarchy describe the structure of power, and the question is about the corrupt behavior of the rulers. Capitalism is an economic system, so it does not fit at all.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. kleptocracy.
Exam tip: Break the word into its roots. "Klepto-" means steal, as in kleptomaniac, so kleptocracy means "rule by thieves." Also, "-cracy" always means rule, so the first part of the word tells you the type: auto (self), oligo (few), klepto (theft).
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- 17.
Nationalism played a crucial role in the struggle for independence in West Africa by way of fostering a sense of community among the people and
- A.abhorrence of the Western style of governance
- B.civil disobedience and the killings of white officials
- C.dismantling of artificial borders
- D.political consciousness
Show answer
Answer: D. political consciousness
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how nationalism helped West African independence struggles. It says nationalism fostered a sense of community and something else. We need the option that best completes this idea.
Step 2: Explain the concept Nationalism is the feeling of unity, shared identity, and pride among people who want self-rule. In West Africa (for example, Nigeria, Ghana, and Sierra Leone), nationalists such as Herbert Macaulay, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Kwame Nkrumah, and Obafemi Awolowo used newspapers, political parties (NCNC, CPP, NCBWA), and mass rallies. These made ordinary people aware of their political rights and of colonial injustice. That awareness is called political consciousness, and it pushed people to demand independence.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Abhorrence of Western style of governance: Wrong. Nationalists opposed colonial rule, not Western governance itself. Many of them adopted Western-style democracy.
- B. Civil disobedience and killings of white officials: Wrong. Civil disobedience was used in some places (for example, Nkrumah's "Positive Action"), but the killing of white officials was not a general method. West African nationalism was largely peaceful and constitutional.
- C. Dismantling of artificial borders: Wrong. The colonial boundaries were kept after independence (the OAU in 1963 even affirmed them).
- D. Political consciousness: Correct. Nationalism united people and raised their awareness of political rights, which fueled demands for self-government.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. political consciousness.
Tip: In "nationalism" questions, look for words like awareness, unity, mobilization, and self-determination. Be wary of options that mention violence or rejecting everything Western, because WASSCE answers usually reflect the peaceful, constitutional nature of West African nationalism.
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- 18.
The surge in nationalism and its related activities was fueled by oppressive colonial experiences and
- A.partition of West African territories
- B.the strong desire for civilisation
- C.ideology and activities of Pan-Africanism
- D.monopoly of mineral resources and land degradation
Show answer
Answer: C. ideology and activities of Pan-Africanism
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what, together with oppressive colonial experiences, fueled the rise of nationalism (the push for self-rule and independence) in West Africa.
Step 2: Explain the concept Nationalism in West Africa grew from two kinds of factors:
- Internal/direct factors: colonial oppression such as forced labour, taxation, racial discrimination, and denial of political rights.
- External/ideological factors: outside ideas and movements that inspired Africans to demand freedom. These include Pan-Africanism, the impact of World War II, the Atlantic Charter, Ethiopia's resistance to Italy, and Indian independence.
The question pairs "oppressive colonial experiences" with a second factor, so we look for an ideological or inspirational force rather than another colonial grievance.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Partition of West African territories: This was part of colonisation itself, a cause of grievance, but not an ideology that drove nationalism.
- B. Strong desire for civilisation: This was not a driver of nationalism. It was a justification used by colonialists.
- C. Ideology and activities of Pan-Africanism: Correct. Leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Kwame Nkrumah, and George Padmore promoted African unity, dignity, and self-determination. Pan-African Congresses and groups like the West African Students' Union (WASU) inspired West African nationalists.
- D. Monopoly of mineral resources and land degradation: This is an economic grievance under colonialism. It is part of the oppression, not a separate ideological force, and it is less directly tied to the "surge" in nationalism.
Step 4: Answer ideology and activities of Pan-Africanism**.
Exam tip: For "causes of nationalism" questions, remember two groups: internal (colonial abuses) and external (Pan-Africanism, WWII, Atlantic Charter, Indian independence). When the question already names a colonial grievance, the answer is usually from the external or ideological group.
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- 19.
The Commonwealth of Nations concerns itself with one of the following activities in member countries which is
- A.assisting in the overthrow of unpopular government
- B.conducting elections in member countries
- C.operating the financial sector of poor countries
- D.promotion of peace and security
Show answer
Answer: D. promotion of peace and security
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which activity the Commonwealth of Nations is concerned with in its member countries.
Step 2: Explain the concept The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of mostly former British colonies, including Nigeria, Ghana, and India. Its aims include:
- Promoting democracy, good governance, and the rule of law
- Promoting peace and security
- Supporting economic and social development
- Promoting human rights and cooperation among members
It does not interfere in the internal affairs of members in a forceful way. It also does not run their economies or elections.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Assisting in the overthrow of unpopular governments: Wrong. The Commonwealth opposes unconstitutional changes of government. It suspends members, as it did with Nigeria in 1995, rather than helping to topple governments.
- B. Conducting elections in member countries: Wrong. Elections are run by each country's own electoral body (such as INEC in Nigeria). The Commonwealth may send observers, but it does not conduct the elections.
- C. Operating the financial sector of poor countries: Wrong. This is closer to the role of bodies like the IMF and World Bank.
- D. Promotion of peace and security: Correct. This is one of the Commonwealth's core objectives, alongside democracy, development, and cooperation.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. promotion of peace and security.
Exam tip: For questions on international organizations, eliminate options involving "overthrow," "conducting elections," or "operating finances." Organizations like the Commonwealth, AU, and ECOWAS typically promote or support ideals such as peace, democracy, and development. They rarely take over a state's own functions.
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- 20.
Which one of the following factors has contributed largely to the weakened and poor performance of state institutions in most West African States?
- A.corruption
- B.globalisation
- C.low remuneration and wages
- D.weak institutional memory
Show answer
Answer: A. corruption
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the factor that has contributed largely to the weak and poor performance of state institutions (civil service, judiciary, police, parastatals, etc.) in most West African states.
Step 2: Explain the concept State institutions perform well when they are run on rules, merit, accountability, and proper use of public resources. When those principles are broken, the institutions lose efficiency and public trust.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Corruption: This is the leading cause. Funds meant for projects, salaries, equipment, and services are embezzled or diverted. Appointments are made on the basis of nepotism rather than merit. Contracts are inflated or abandoned. Rules are bent for bribes. All of this drains the institutions of resources and professionalism. Corruption is widely identified in Government textbooks and by bodies such as the EFCC and ICPC as the main obstacle to institutional performance in Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and other countries in the region.
- B. Globalisation: This affects economies and cultures, but it is not seen as the main cause of institutional weakness.
- C. Low remuneration and wages: This can encourage inefficiency and bribe-taking, but it is a contributing factor, and often a result of poor resource management. It is not the largest cause.
- D. Weak institutional memory: This is a minor administrative problem compared with the others, and it is not the standard answer.
Step 4: Answer The factor that contributes most to the poor performance of state institutions is corruption, which is option A.
Exam tip: In Government questions on "poor performance," "underdevelopment," or "weak institutions" in West Africa, corruption is almost always the strongest answer when the word "largely" or "major" appears. Other options are usually secondary or symptoms of corruption.
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- 21.
For the executive to enjoy the goodwill of the people in a democratic state, it must adhere to the tenets of
- A.the Council of State
- B.exercise of unrestrained power
- C.laissez-faire government
- D.political equality
Show answer
Answer: D. political equality
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what the executive must follow in order to keep the goodwill (support and approval) of the people in a democratic state.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a democracy, power comes from the people. The executive keeps public support by respecting democratic principles such as:
- the rule of law
- political equality (every citizen is treated equally and has equal political rights)
- accountability and transparency
- respect for fundamental human rights
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. The Council of State is an advisory body in Nigeria. It is not a tenet or principle of democracy.
- B. Exercise of unrestrained power describes dictatorship or autocracy. It destroys public goodwill.
- C. Laissez-faire government is an economic idea of minimal government interference in the economy. It has nothing to do with democratic tenets.
- D. Political equality is a core democratic principle. When the executive treats all citizens equally, with equal voting rights, equal access to public office, and equal treatment before the law, it earns the people's trust and goodwill.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. political equality.
Exam tip: In Government questions about democracy, look for words like equality, rule of law, accountability, participation, and consent. Options that suggest unlimited power (like B) are usually wrong, and options that name institutions or economic theories (A and C) are often distractors.
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- 22.
The media serve a useful purpose in a democracy by
- A.connecting the government and the people
- B.ensuring government plays to their dictates
- C.assisting in the formation of political parties
- D.manipulating political leaders in government
Show answer
Answer: A. connecting the government and the people
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the useful purpose of the media in a democracy. So we need the option that describes a positive, legitimate function.
Step 2: The concept In a democracy, the media (newspapers, radio, TV, online platforms) act as:
- A channel of communication between the government and the governed
- A watchdog that exposes corruption and holds leaders accountable
- An educator that informs citizens about their rights, policies, and elections
- A platform for public debate and feedback
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Connecting the government and the people. Correct. The media carry government policies and decisions to citizens, and carry citizens' views, complaints, and reactions back to the government. This is a core democratic function.
- B. Ensuring government plays to their dictates. Wrong. The media are meant to inform and scrutinize, not to dictate. A media house that controls government would undermine democracy.
- C. Assisting in the formation of political parties. Wrong. Political parties are formed by groups of people with shared ideologies and goals, and registered with the electoral body (INEC in Nigeria). The media may publicize parties, but forming them is not their role.
- D. Manipulating political leaders in government. Wrong. Manipulation is unethical and harmful to democracy. The media should hold leaders accountable, not manipulate them.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A: the media serve as a link between the government and the people.
Exam tip: In Government questions on the role of the media, choose the option that uses positive, constructive words like informing, educating, linking, monitoring, or checking. Eliminate options with negative words like dictate or manipulate.
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- 23.
The grave effect of the French Colonial Policy of Assimilation in her West African Colonies was the
- A.aggressive development of nationalism
- B.shortfall in the essential needs of the colonies
- C.slow pace in their political fortunes
- D.waging war on neighbouring colonial territories
Show answer
Answer: C. slow pace in their political fortunes
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the grave (serious) negative effect of France's Policy of Assimilation in its West African colonies.
Step 2: Explain the concept Assimilation was the French policy of turning Africans into "Frenchmen" by teaching them French language, culture, and values. Only those who became "civilized" (the évolués) could become French citizens with political rights. Key features:
- Africans were treated as part of "Greater France", not as separate peoples with their own political systems.
- Very few Africans qualified for citizenship (in Senegal, only the Four Communes: Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gorée, and Rufisque, had real representation).
- Africans' own institutions and traditions were downplayed.
- Political decisions were centralized in Paris.
Step 3: Work through the options
- A. Aggressive development of nationalism: Not correct. Assimilation actually slowed nationalism, because educated Africans were encouraged to identify with France. Nationalism in French territories was generally less aggressive than in British ones.
- B. Shortfall in the essential needs of the colonies: This relates to economic exploitation or neglect, not the specific political effect of assimilation.
- C. Slow pace in their political fortunes: Correct. Since political participation was reserved for the few who were assimilated, and the colonies were governed directly from Paris, local political development and self-government advanced slowly. Independence demands came later and more gradually (until the 1946-1958 reforms and the 1958 referendum).
- D. Waging war on neighbouring colonial territories: Not related to the assimilation policy.
Step 4: Answer The grave effect was the slow pace in their political fortunes, which is option C.
Tip: Link policies to their effects:
- Assimilation → centralized control, few citizens, slow political progress.
- Indirect Rule (British) → use of local chiefs, faster growth of nationalism among the educated elite.
Remember: "French = Paris decides = slow political growth."
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- 24.
Power, authority, legitimacy and sovereignty are described in the study of government as what?
- A.Basic Concepts and Principles
- B.Constitutionalism and Meanings
- C.Principles and Structures
- D.Structure of Governance
Show answer
Answer: A. Basic Concepts and Principles
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what category power, authority, legitimacy and sovereignty belong to in the study of Government.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Government (the Nigerian syllabus), the opening topic is usually "Basic Concepts in Government." It covers the key ideas that every other topic builds on:
- Power: the ability to make others do what you want, with or without their consent.
- Authority: the legal or recognised right to exercise power.
- Legitimacy: the people's acceptance of a government's right to rule.
- Sovereignty: the supreme, final authority of a state over its territory and people.
Other basic concepts in the same group include the state, nation, society, democracy and rule of law.
Step 3: Eliminate the options
- B. Constitutionalism and Meanings: constitutionalism is a separate topic about limited government and the rule of law. It is not the heading for these terms.
- C. Principles and Structures and D. Structure of Governance: these refer to how government is organised (the executive, legislature, judiciary and so on). Power, authority, legitimacy and sovereignty are ideas, not structures.
- A. Basic Concepts and Principles: this fits. These terms are the foundational concepts and principles used in studying government.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **A.
Exam tip: Remember PALS: Power, Authority, Legitimacy, Sovereignty. When you see these four together, think "basic concepts of government." Questions on structures (arms of government) will usually mention things like the legislature, executive or federalism.
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- 25.
The impartiality of the civil servants is important to the governance structure because they work for the interest of the
- A.bureaucrat
- B.executive
- C.presidency
- D.state
Show answer
Answer: D. state
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks who civil servants ultimately serve when they are impartial (neutral). Impartiality means they do not take sides politically or favour any individual or group.
Step 2: Explain the concept Civil servants are permanent, career public officers who run the administrative machinery of government. Key features of the civil service include:
- Neutrality/impartiality: they serve any government in power without political bias.
- Anonymity: they are not publicly credited or blamed for policy.
- Permanence: they remain in service when governments change.
Because governments (executives, presidents, parties) change after elections, civil servants must stay loyal to something that is permanent, which is the state. Their job is to implement the policies of whichever government is in power for the good of the whole country and its citizens.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Bureaucrat: civil servants are bureaucrats themselves, so this is not who they serve.
- B. Executive: they do assist the executive, but serving only the executive would make them partisan.
- C. Presidency: this is too narrow, since it is just one office held by one person for a limited time.
- D. State: correct. The state is permanent and represents all citizens, so impartial civil servants work for its interest.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is D. state.
Tip: Remember the phrase "Governments come and go, but the state remains." Whenever a question on civil service neutrality or permanence appears, think "state" or "public interest" rather than any individual, party, or office.
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- 26.
Which state institution is referred to as the bureaucratic wing responsible for the running of government offices, agencies and departments?
- A.Bureau of National Affairs
- B.Civil Service
- C.Controller of state services
- D.Public services board
Show answer
Answer: B. Civil Service
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the state institution known as the bureaucratic wing of government. It is responsible for running government offices, agencies and departments (ministries).
Step 2: Explain the concept Government has three main organs: the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The Executive makes policy. The Civil Service is the permanent, professional, non-political body of workers that carries out those policies and administers day-to-day government business.
Key features of the Civil Service:
- Permanence: civil servants stay in office even when governments change.
- Neutrality (anonymity): they serve any government without taking political sides.
- Merit-based recruitment: they are hired on qualifications and experience.
- Hierarchy: they are organized in ranks, from Permanent Secretary down to clerical staff. This structure is what "bureaucracy" means.
In Nigeria, each ministry is headed politically by a Minister (or a Commissioner at state level). The Permanent Secretary, a civil servant, runs the ministry administratively.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Bureau of National Affairs: not a recognized institution in Nigerian government.
- B. Civil Service: this is the bureaucracy that runs ministries, departments and agencies. ✔
- C. Controller of state services: not a recognized institution either.
- D. Public services board: this is a body that may handle appointments and discipline in the public service, but it is not the bureaucratic wing itself.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. Civil Service.
Exam tip: When you see the word "bureaucracy" or "bureaucratic" in a Government question, think Civil Service. Remember the keywords: permanent, neutral, anonymous, merit-based.
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- 27.
Which one of the following cannot be considered as a factor that influences the delimitation of a country into constituencies?
- A.administrative convenience
- B.geographical proximity
- C.historical experience
- D.political socialisation
Show answer
Answer: D. political socialisation
AI explanation
Analyze the question: Delimitation means dividing a country into electoral constituencies. We need the option that is not a factor used in drawing those boundaries.
Concept: Constituencies are usually demarcated by an electoral body (in Nigeria, INEC) using these considerations:
- Population size: constituencies should have roughly equal numbers of people.
- Geographical proximity: communities that are close together are grouped together.
- Administrative convenience: boundaries should make it easy to run elections and manage the area.
- Historical or cultural ties: communities with shared history, language and culture are often kept together.
Going through the options:
- A. Administrative convenience: it is a real factor, because boundaries must be manageable for officials.
- B. Geographical proximity: it is a real factor, because nearby communities are grouped together.
- C. Historical experience: it is a real factor, because shared history and traditional ties affect how areas are grouped.
- D. Political socialisation: this is the process by which people learn their political values, attitudes and beliefs, through family, school, peer groups and the media. It is about how citizens form political views. It is not a criterion for drawing boundaries.
Answer: D. Political socialisation. It is a process of learning political culture, not a factor in delimiting constituencies.
Exam tip: Delimitation is about people, place and administration (population, geography, convenience, shared history). If an option describes a learning process or an attitude, such as socialisation, it is probably the odd one out.
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- 28.
The local government administration in many West African countries is faced with a myriad of problems one of which is
- A.employment retention
- B.illiterate traditional authorities
- C.unavailability of land
- D.weak institution
Show answer
Answer: D. weak institution
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for one of the major problems facing local government administration in many West African countries.
Step 2: The concept Local government is the level of government closest to the people. It is meant to bring development to the grassroots, but it often struggles with these common problems:
- Inadequate funds and poor revenue generation
- Heavy dependence on central or state government allocations
- Interference from higher levels of government
- Corruption and mismanagement
- Shortage of qualified personnel
- Weak institutions, meaning poorly structured, poorly empowered bodies with little autonomy
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Employment retention: This is not a recognized problem. The usual complaint is poor staff quality or a shortage of skilled staff, not difficulty retaining employment.
- B. Illiterate traditional authorities: Traditional rulers are generally not described as a core administrative problem of local government. This option is too narrow and not a standard textbook point.
- C. Unavailability of land: Land is generally available at the local level. Land-use disputes may occur, but they are not a defining administrative problem.
- D. Weak institution: Local government bodies often lack autonomy, have weak structures, are poorly funded, and are subject to interference. This is widely recognized as a major challenge.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. weak institution.
Tip: In Government questions on local administration problems, look for words like funds, corruption, interference, weak institutions, lack of autonomy, and shortage of skilled personnel. Options that sound unusual, such as "unavailability of land," are usually distractors.
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- 29.
The institution through which leaders exercise power to make and enforce laws is the
- A.government
- B.judiciary
- C.political party
- D.security agency
Show answer
Answer: A. government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the institution through which leaders exercise power to make and enforce laws. Two key functions are named: law-making (legislative) and law enforcement (executive).
Step 2: Explain the concept In Government, the term "government" refers to the institution or machinery of the state through which authority is exercised. It is made up of three arms:
- Legislature: makes laws
- Executive: implements and enforces laws
- Judiciary: interprets laws and settles disputes
So the body that covers both making and enforcing laws is the government as a whole.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Government: Correct. It is the agency through which the state's power is exercised, including making and enforcing laws.
- B. Judiciary: Incorrect. It is only one arm of government. It interprets laws and does not make them.
- C. Political party: Incorrect. Parties seek to win political power and form a government, but they are not the institution that makes and enforces laws.
- D. Security agency: Incorrect. Agencies such as the police and army help enforce laws, but they do not make them.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **A.
Exam tip: When a question mentions both making and enforcing laws, look for the option that covers more than one arm of government. Judiciary, security agencies, and parties each cover only a narrow part. "Government" is the broad term that includes legislature and executive functions.
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- 30.
The responsibility of citizens towards nation-building is to
- A.encourage civil disobedience in the face of hardship
- B.participate and contribute to decision making
- C.stampede government policies and programmes
- D.boycott and withdraw services to the state
Show answer
Answer: B. participate and contribute to decision making
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about a citizen's responsibility toward nation-building. Nation-building means helping a country grow, stay united, and develop politically, socially, and economically. So we need the option that describes a positive, constructive duty.
Step 2: Explain the concept Citizens have rights, but they also have civic duties. These include:
- Obeying the laws
- Paying taxes
- Voting and taking part in elections
- Participating in community and national development
- Contributing to governance through dialogue and civic engagement
- Protecting public property
Nation-building depends on active, peaceful, and responsible participation.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Encourage civil disobedience in the face of hardship: Civil disobedience means deliberately refusing to obey laws. It disrupts order and does not build the nation. Wrong.
- B. Participate and contribute to decision making: This is a constructive civic duty. Through voting, public debates, and giving feedback on policies, citizens help shape the nation's direction. Correct.
- C. Stampede government policies and programmes: "Stampede" means to rush in a disorderly way or disrupt. It works against development. Wrong.
- D. Boycott and withdraw services to the state: This weakens the state and hurts development. Wrong.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B.
Tip: In Government and Civic Education questions about "responsibility" or "duty" of citizens, choose the option that is positive, lawful, and constructive (participating, obeying laws, paying taxes, voting). Eliminate options with words like disobedience, boycott, disrupt, withdraw.
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- 31.
Despite the many challenges bedevilling the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), it has managed over the years in promoting
- A.A. regime protection and economic stability in member countries
- B.A. collective will against globalisation
- C.B. trade tariffs and self-reliance
- D.C. regional integration and cooperation
Show answer
Answer: C. B. trade tariffs and self-reliance
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- 32.
The following constitute the key features of most independent constitutions in West African States except
- A.nationalist leaders became army commanders
- B.democratic principles of governance
- C.national unity and diversity
- D.socio-economic rights and development
Show answer
Answer: A. nationalist leaders became army commanders
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- 33.
The application of the common principles that are important to improve decision-making processes and ultimately strengthen democracy and improve social and economic development is best described as
- A.fundamental human rights
- B.good governance
- C.separation of powers
- D.social democracy
Show answer
Answer: B. good governance
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- 34.
What colonial policy worked against the sovereign power and authority and the traditional political authority and institutions?
- A.Crown Colony Edict
- B.Expatriate Edict
- C.Indirect Rule
- D.Protectorate Colony Edict
Show answer
Answer: C. Indirect Rule
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- 35.
The perceived perennial problem of the United Nations (UN) since its inception is the
- A.Directive Principles of State Policy
- B.deep-seated diversity among member states
- C.nature of political leaders and their ages
- D.poor constitutional provisions of member states
Show answer
Answer: B. deep-seated diversity among member states
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks about the long-standing (perennial) problem facing the United Nations since it was founded in 1945.
Explain the concept: The UN brings together almost every country in the world. These countries differ in ideology (capitalism vs. communism during the Cold War), religion, culture, economic strength, political systems and national interests. Because of this, members often disagree on key issues such as peacekeeping, sanctions, human rights and the use of force. The veto power of the five permanent Security Council members (USA, UK, France, Russia, China) often makes these disagreements worse. Other recognized UN problems include funding difficulties and the lack of an army of its own, but the root of most of them is the differing interests and backgrounds of its members.
Solution (checking each option):
- A. Directive Principles of State Policy: This is a part of the Nigerian Constitution (Chapter II). It is a national matter and has nothing to do with the UN's problems as an organization. ❌
- B. Deep-seated diversity among member states: This fits. Differences in ideology, interests, culture and power cause deadlock and make consensus hard. ✅
- C. Nature of political leaders and their ages: The ages of leaders is not a recognized problem of the UN. ❌
- D. Poor constitutional provisions of member states: Each country's constitution is its own internal affair, not the UN's perennial problem. ❌
Tip: For Government questions on international organizations (UN, AU, ECOWAS, Commonwealth), the common recurring problems are differences in interests/ideology among members, inadequate funds, and big-power dominance (veto). When an option mentions a national constitution or Nigerian-only concepts such as Directive Principles, it is usually a distractor.
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- 36.
Promoting electoral integrity is the crucial function of which institution of state?
- A.the civil society organisations
- B.executive arm of government
- C.electoral management body
- D.security services
Show answer
Answer: C. electoral management body
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which institution of state has the crucial function of promoting electoral integrity. Electoral integrity means elections that are free, fair, credible, and transparent.
Step 2: Explain the concept Electoral integrity refers to elections that follow democratic principles and the rule of law throughout the whole process: voter registration, party primaries monitoring, campaigns, voting, counting, and announcement of results. In Nigeria, this job is given to a specialised, independent institution created by the Constitution: the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Such a body is generally called an Electoral Management Body (EMB).
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Civil society organisations: They observe elections, educate voters, and advocate for fairness, but they are not institutions of state. They play a supporting role.
- B. Executive arm of government: It implements laws and runs the government. If it controlled elections, it would risk bias, since it often has a stake in the results.
- C. Electoral management body: It organises and supervises elections, registers voters, registers parties, monitors party finances, and declares results. Safeguarding electoral integrity is its core responsibility. ✔
- D. Security services: They provide security and maintain order during elections, but they do not manage the electoral process. They must stay neutral and only support INEC.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. electoral management body.
Tip: In Government questions, link the function to the institution's core mandate. Elections → INEC/EMB. Law-making → Legislature. Law enforcement/implementation → Executive. Interpretation of laws → Judiciary. Others (civil society, security) only support the process.
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- 37.
A type of constitution suitable for the governance of a federal state is a
- A.flexible constitution
- B.rigid constitution
- C.republican constitution
- D.parliamentary constitution
Show answer
Answer: B. rigid constitution
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which type of constitution best suits a federal state, one where power is shared between a central government and component units (like Nigeria's federal government and the 36 states).
Step 2: Explain the concept
- A flexible constitution can be amended easily, often by the ordinary legislative process (e.g., the UK's).
- A rigid constitution requires a special, difficult procedure to amend, such as a two-thirds or three-fourths majority in the legislature, plus approval by a number of state legislatures or a referendum (e.g., Nigeria's 1999 Constitution and the USA's).
- Republican and parliamentary describe the form of government or executive arrangement, not how easily the constitution is amended. A federation can be either, so these don't specifically define what suits federalism.
Step 3: Apply to federalism In a federation, the constitution is the supreme document that divides powers between the central and state governments. If it were flexible, the central government (or a simple majority in the legislature) could change that division at will and take away the powers of the states. A rigid constitution protects the autonomy of the component units, because no change can be made without wide consensus, including the states themselves. That is why Nigeria's constitution requires state Houses of Assembly to approve amendments (at least two-thirds of them).
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. rigid constitution.
Tip: Think "Federal = Fixed." Federalism needs a constitution that is hard to change, so it protects the shared power arrangement. Unitary states can more easily get by with flexible constitutions.
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- 38.
By competing in general elections, political parties ultimately offer citizens
- A.a choice in government
- B.automatic membership of a party
- C.opportunity to be extremely to one party
- D.opportunity to vilify the government
Show answer
Answer: A. a choice in government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the ultimate result for citizens when political parties compete in general elections. In other words: what is the main benefit voters get from party competition?
Step 2: Explain the concept In a democracy, political parties present their ideologies, manifestos, and candidates to the electorate. One of their key functions is to aggregate interests and offer alternatives so that citizens can choose who governs them. Competition between parties is what makes a real choice possible. Without it, as in a one-party state, voters have no meaningful options.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. a choice in government: Correct. Competing parties give voters alternative programmes and leaders to vote for, so citizens decide who forms the government.
- B. automatic membership of a party: Wrong. Voting does not make anyone a party member. Membership is voluntary and requires registration.
- C. opportunity to be extremely to one party: Wrong. The wording is faulty, and extreme loyalty to one party is not the purpose of elections. It can even be harmful to democracy.
- D. opportunity to vilify the government: Wrong. Criticism is a role of the opposition, but vilifying (abusing) the government is not the ultimate benefit to citizens.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A: a choice in government.
Tip: In Government questions on political parties and elections, think "choice." Parties exist to recruit candidates, present alternatives, and give voters the power to choose and change their leaders. If an option mentions choice, alternatives, or participation, it is usually the right one.
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- 39.
As part of its constitutional mandate, the Public Service Commission operates to
- A.appoint the head of the commission
- B.carry out the order of the presidency only
- C.recruit high ranking personnel for the civil service
- D.review salaries and allowances of staff of the executive only
Show answer
Answer: C. recruit high ranking personnel for the civil service
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- 40.
Public opinion is an essential element in a democracy because it can act as a
- A.check on leadership and government activities
- B.mouthpiece for the opposition only
- C.news outlet for the media and government only
- D.propaganda tool for the government at all material times
Show answer
Answer: A. check on leadership and government activities
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- 41.
Military rule does not only pose a threat to democracy but also to
- A.fundamental human rights
- B.national borders
- C.nationalism and patriotism
- D.state sovereignty
Show answer
Answer: A. fundamental human rights
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what military rule threatens, besides democracy. The phrase "not only... but also" means we need something closely linked to democracy: the rights and freedoms of citizens.
Step 2: Explain the concept Military rule (a military regime) comes to power by force, usually through a coup d'état. Typical features include:
- Suspension or abolition of the constitution
- Dissolution of the legislature and political parties
- Rule by decree, with no checks and balances
- Restrictions on press freedom, assembly, and association
- Detention without trial and harassment of critics
Because of these features, military rule undermines democratic institutions and also the fundamental human rights that a democratic constitution guarantees. Examples are the right to life, personal liberty, freedom of expression, and fair hearing. Nigeria's military eras saw many cases of detention without trial, such as under Decree 2 and Decree 4, and of press clampdowns.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Fundamental human rights: Correct. Military rule directly suspends or violates these rights.
- B. National borders: Military rule is not what threatens borders. That is the job of foreign aggression or border disputes.
- C. Nationalism and patriotism: Not a direct threat. Military regimes often claim to promote patriotism.
- D. State sovereignty: Sovereignty concerns the state's independence from external control. A military government can still exercise it, so the threat is not a direct one.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. fundamental human rights.
Tip: When you see "democracy" paired with "military rule" in a Government question, think about rights and freedoms. Democracy and human rights go together, and so do military rule and their violation.
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- 42.
Constitutionally, the local government administration is controlled by the state through
- A.administrators
- B.legislation
- C.native laws
- D.state bureau
Show answer
Answer: B. legislation
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- 43.
Which one among the following factors greatly restrains the government in a democratic society?
- A.Consent of the governed
- B.Consent of the civil society organisation
- C.Ideology of the party
- D.Parliamentary debates
Show answer
Answer: A. Consent of the governed
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which factor places the greatest restraint (limit) on a government in a democracy. Think about where a democratic government gets its power and authority.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a democracy, sovereignty ultimately belongs to the people. The government rules only because citizens have given it the mandate to do so, usually through free and fair elections. This is the principle of consent of the governed. Because power is only "borrowed" from the people, the government must:
- Act within the constitution and the law
- Respect citizens' rights
- Face the possibility of being voted out at the next election
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Consent of the governed: This is the foundation of legitimacy in a democracy. If a government loses the people's consent, it loses its authority. This is the strongest restraint. ✔
- B. Consent of civil society organisations: CSOs (like NLC or the Bar Association) can pressure the government, but they do not give it its mandate. They are only one part of the people, so their influence is not the greatest.
- C. Ideology of the party: This guides policy direction, but it is an internal guide, not a real external restraint on government.
- D. Parliamentary debates: These help scrutinize government actions, but they are a mechanism of oversight, not the ultimate source of restraint.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **A.
Tip: In Government questions about democracy, remember that "the people" are the ultimate source of power. Phrases like "restrains government," "legitimacy," or "source of authority" usually point to consent of the governed / the people / popular sovereignty.
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- 44.
These rights which are explicitly protected by the Constitution are referred to as
- A.checks and balances
- B.constitutional clauses
- C.entrenched clauses
- D.separation of powers
Show answer
Answer: C. entrenched clauses
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- 45.
One of the paramount roles to play as a citizen in sustaining the democratic system of governance is to
- A.avoid criticism of government
- B.play the partisan card
- C.pray for a good leader
- D.register and vote in elections
Show answer
Answer: D. register and vote in elections
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about a paramount (most important) role of a citizen in keeping a democracy alive. Democracy means rule by the people, so the best answer must be an action that gives citizens a real voice in governance.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a democracy, power belongs to the people. Citizens exercise this power mainly through free and fair elections, where they choose their leaders and hold them accountable. A democracy cannot be sustained without active citizen participation, and the most basic form of participation is registering and voting.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Avoid criticism of government: Wrong. Constructive criticism is healthy in a democracy. It promotes accountability and transparency. Avoiding it is characteristic of authoritarian systems.
- B. Play the partisan card: Wrong. Excessive partisanship breeds division, bias, and sometimes violence. It does not sustain democracy.
- C. Pray for a good leader: Wrong. Prayer is a personal act of faith, but it is not a civic duty that directly sustains the system. Citizens must act, not only hope.
- D. Register and vote in elections: Correct. Voter registration and voting allow citizens to choose representatives, legitimize government, and remove poor performers peacefully.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. register and vote in elections.
Tip: In Government questions on citizenship duties, look for the option that involves active, lawful participation, such as voting, paying taxes, obeying laws, or respecting the rights of others. Options that suggest silence, blind loyalty, or inaction are usually wrong.
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- 46.
The Crown Colony policy introduced some progressive institutions of governance in West Africa such as the
- A.creation of the rigid class system
- B.education of the traditional rulers
- C.introduction of the Western legal system
- D.introduction of military academy
Show answer
Answer: C. introduction of the Western legal system
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks which progressive institution of governance came with the Crown Colony policy in British West Africa (e.g., Lagos, Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Gambia).
Concept: A Crown Colony was a territory governed directly by the British Crown through a Governor, who was assisted by an Executive Council and a Legislative Council. Because the territory was ruled directly, Britain introduced its own institutions there:
- English law and a Western-style court system
- Legislative and Executive Councils
- Western education and Christian missions
- Civil service structures
Step-by-step evaluation of the options:
- A. Creation of the rigid class system: This is not a progressive institution. Colonial rule did create social divisions, but it was not a governance reform.
- B. Education of the traditional rulers: Educating chiefs was more a feature of Indirect Rule, which worked through traditional rulers. It was not a Crown Colony institution.
- C. Introduction of the Western legal system: Correct. Crown Colonies introduced English common law, magistrate and High Courts, and the Supreme Court, replacing or sitting alongside customary law. This is a lasting institution of governance.
- D. Introduction of military academy: Colonial authorities were not known for setting up military academies as part of Crown Colony governance.
Answer: The Western legal system is the progressive institution of governance introduced under the Crown Colony policy, so the answer is C.
Exam tip: Remember the contrast:
- Crown Colony = direct rule, Governor and Councils, English law and courts
- Indirect Rule = ruling through traditional rulers
If an option mentions law, courts, or councils, think Crown Colony. If it mentions chiefs, think Indirect Rule.
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- 47.
The African Union (AU) aims to promote gender equality and women's empowerment through the strategic framework organ of the
- A.African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM)
- B.African Development Bank (ADB)
- C.New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD)
- D.Specialised Commission of Women Empowerment (SCWE)
Show answer
Answer: C. New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD)
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- 48.
The following factors are challenges faced by the judiciary under the doctrine of Separation of Powers except
- A.appointment of judges
- B.financial autonomy
- C.removal of judges from office
- D.poor legal infrastructure
Show answer
Answer: D. poor legal infrastructure
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- 49.
Globalisation impacts the development and progress of West African States by way of
- A.manipulation of economics of states
- B.propping of regimes
- C.protecting state sovereignty
- D.technology transfer
Show answer
Answer: D. technology transfer
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyse the question The question asks how globalisation affects the development and progress of West African states. The key words are "development and progress," so we are looking for a positive contribution.
Step 2: Understand the concept Globalisation is the growing interconnection of countries through trade, investment, communication, travel and technology. Its benefits to developing regions include:
- Access to foreign investment and markets
- Transfer of technology and skills
- Faster spread of information and ideas
- Better communication and infrastructure
Its drawbacks include economic dependence, loss of cultural identity and weakened state control.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Manipulation of economics of states: This is a negative effect, where powerful countries or firms control weaker economies. It does not describe development or progress.
- B. Propping of regimes: This means supporting or sustaining governments, often for foreign interests. It is not a developmental impact of globalisation.
- C. Protecting state sovereignty: Globalisation usually erodes sovereignty, because states must follow international rules, trade agreements and institutions. So this is incorrect.
- D. Technology transfer: Foreign companies and partnerships bring new technologies such as mobile telecoms, internet services and modern machinery. These drive growth in West African states, for example the spread of GSM and fintech in Nigeria and Ghana. This is a clear positive contribution to development.
Step 4: Answer
Exam tip: When a question asks about "development and progress," pick the option that describes a clear benefit. Options with words like "manipulation" or "propping" usually signal negatives, and globalisation almost never "protects sovereignty."
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- 50.
A set of principles enshrined in a constitution that guide the government in making laws and policies for the welfare of the people is referred to as
- A.directive principle of state policy
- B.constitutional provisions
- C.Human Rights and Administrative Justice
- D.edicts, customs and traditions
Show answer
Answer: A. directive principle of state policy
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