2021 WAEC (WASSCE) Government Past Questions and Answers
The 2021 WAEC (WASSCE) Government past questions with answers: 50 objective questions from the 2021 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.
Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.
Questions
- 1.
In which system of government are all the component units sovereign?
- A.Confederal
- B.Federal
- C.monarchical
- D.Republican
Show answer
Answer: A. Confederal
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- 2.
In an environment of press freedom, the media plays the role of
- A.articulating views of individuals
- B.inciting people to be lawless
- C.projecting individuals above the state
- D.highlighting only the activities of government
Show answer
Answer: A. articulating views of individuals
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what role the media plays when there is press freedom, meaning the media can report and comment without undue government control.
Step 2: Concept Press freedom lets the media act as a channel between the people and the government. In a democracy, the media typically:
- Informs and educates the public
- Acts as a watchdog over government
- Gives citizens and groups a platform to express their opinions (articulating and communicating public views)
- Shapes public opinion
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Articulating views of individuals: Correct. A free press gives citizens, groups and experts a platform to express their opinions and concerns.
- B. Inciting people to be lawless: Wrong. This is a misuse of the media, not its role. Press freedom comes with responsibility, and incitement is not a legitimate function.
- C. Projecting individuals above the state: Wrong. The media does not exist to place individuals above the state.
- D. Highlighting only the activities of government: Wrong. A free press covers many sectors and also criticizes government. Reporting only government activities is typical of a state-controlled press, not a free one.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A.
Tip: In Government questions on the media, look for the positive, democratic roles: informing, educating, being a watchdog, and giving the people a voice. Options with words like "only," "lawless," or "above the state" are usually distractors.
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- 3.
An undesirable attribute of capitalism is mostly seen in
- A.freedom of choice
- B.exploitation of labour
- C.efficient production of goods and services
- D.effective utilization of labour
Show answer
Answer: B. exploitation of labour
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for an undesirable (negative) feature of capitalism. So we need to eliminate the positive features and find the drawback.
Step 2: Concept Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and run for profit. Its strengths and weaknesses are:
- Strengths: freedom of choice, competition, efficiency, innovation, and a wide variety of goods and services.
- Weaknesses: wide gaps between rich and poor, exploitation of workers (low wages and poor conditions as owners chase profit), monopolies, and unemployment during economic downturns.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Freedom of choice: This is a desirable feature. Consumers, workers, and investors can choose freely.
- B. Exploitation of labour: This is undesirable. Owners of capital want maximum profit, so they may underpay workers and make them work long hours. This is the classic criticism made by Karl Marx.
- C. Efficient production of goods and services: This is a benefit, driven by competition and the profit motive.
- D. Effective utilization of labour: This is also positive, since labour is put to productive use.
Step 4: Answer Only option B describes a negative side of capitalism.
Tip: In Government questions that use words like "undesirable," "disadvantage," or "demerit," look for the option with a negative meaning, such as exploitation, inequality, or monopoly. The other options will usually be advantages. Remember: Capitalism → Profit → Exploitation of labour.
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- 4.
In restoring peace and security to Liberia and Sierra Leone the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) deployed a military force known as
- A.Regional Armed Forces (RAF)
- B.Peace Keeping Force of West Africa (PKFWA)
- C.ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG)
- D.ECOWAS heads of State and Government
Show answer
Answer: C. ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG)
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- 5.
The most important function of government is to ensure the
- A.building of offices and houses
- B.judiciary is well resourced
- C.second arm of government is respected
- D.security of the citizens
Show answer
Answer: D. security of the citizens
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the most important (primary) function of government. This is a basic concept in Government (Civics) about why governments exist.
Step 2: Explain the concept Governments exist mainly to maintain law and order and to protect lives and property. Political thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes argued that people formed a state and gave up some freedoms to government so that they could be safe from chaos and violence (the "state of nature"). Other functions of government, such as providing infrastructure, running the courts and making laws, all depend on a secure and stable society.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Building of offices and houses: This is a development or welfare activity. It is useful, but it is not the primary purpose of government.
- B. Judiciary is well resourced: Funding the judiciary supports one arm of government. It is a means to an end, not the most important function.
- C. Second arm of government is respected: This is vague and relates to inter-arm relations. It is not a core function.
- D. Security of the citizens: This is the foundation function. Without security of life and property, no development, justice or economic activity can take place.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is D. security of the citizens.
Tip: In "most important function of government" questions, think of protection of lives and property and maintenance of law and order. It is almost always the answer when it appears among the options. Remember: no security, no development.
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- 6.
Undue political interference in the work of electoral management bodies in West Africa has the potential to
- A.ensure fairness and transparency in their operations
- B.employ qualified returning officers
- C.erode the independence of the institution
- D.make all parties accept election result.
Show answer
Answer: C. erode the independence of the institution
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what undue political interference (outside pressure from politicians or the government) in the work of electoral management bodies (like INEC in Nigeria, the Electoral Commission of Ghana, etc.) is likely to cause.
Step 2: Explain the concept An electoral management body (EMB) is meant to be independent, impartial, and neutral. It organizes and supervises elections without taking orders from any political party or government official. When politicians interfere unduly, for example by influencing appointments, controlling funds, or directing how results are handled, the EMB loses its ability to act freely.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Ensure fairness and transparency: Wrong. Interference usually damages fairness and transparency, so it does the opposite.
- B. Employ qualified returning officers: Wrong. Interference tends to lead to partisan appointments, not merit-based ones.
- C. Erode the independence of the institution: Correct. Interference directly weakens the body's autonomy, making it a tool of those in power rather than an impartial referee.
- D. Make all parties accept election results: Wrong. Biased or compromised elections usually lead to disputes, petitions, and rejection of results.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. erode the independence of the institution.
Tip: In Government questions about institutions such as the electoral body, judiciary, or civil service, remember the key word independence. Any "interference" in the question almost always points to a loss of independence, impartiality, or credibility. Eliminate options that describe positive outcomes (fairness, acceptance) when the question describes something negative.
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- 7.
One of the objectives of the United Nations Organization (UNO) is to
- A.establish a standing army
- B.give loans to poor countries in the world
- C.promote and encourage respect for human rights and freedoms
- D.ensure African leaders are respected
Show answer
Answer: C. promote and encourage respect for human rights and freedoms
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for one of the stated objectives of the United Nations Organization (UNO), as set out in the UN Charter (1945).
Step 2: Recall the concept The main objectives of the UN are:
- Maintain international peace and security.
- Develop friendly relations among nations.
- Achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems.
- Promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, regardless of race, sex, language, or religion.
- Serve as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Establish a standing army: Incorrect. The UN has no permanent army. Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a temporary basis.
- B. Give loans to poor countries: Incorrect. This is the role of the World Bank and the IMF (specialized agencies), not a core objective of the UN itself.
- C. Promote and encourage respect for human rights and freedoms: Correct. It is stated directly in the UN Charter and reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
- D. Ensure African leaders are respected: Incorrect. The UN does not single out any region's leaders. It is based on the sovereign equality of all members.
Step 4: Answer
Exam tip: For UN objective questions, look for keywords like peace, security, human rights, cooperation, and friendly relations. Be wary of options about "armies" or "loans," which relate to other bodies (member states' forces, the World Bank/IMF).
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- 8.
The right to an adequate standard of living falls under
- A.civil rights
- B.economic right
- C.free market economy
- D.right to life
Show answer
Answer: B. economic right
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks which category of human rights includes the right to an adequate standard of living (food, clothing, housing, healthcare, etc.).
Explain the concept: Rights are grouped into categories:
- Civil/political rights: protect individual freedoms and participation, such as freedom of speech, fair hearing, voting, and freedom of movement.
- Economic (and social) rights: relate to material wellbeing, such as the right to work, to fair wages, to education, to social security, and to an adequate standard of living.
- Right to life: a specific basic right, mainly about protection from arbitrary killing.
- Free market economy: this is an economic system, not a type of right.
Solution:
- Option C, free market economy, is not a right at all, so we eliminate it.
- Option D, right to life, is about protecting a person's life from being unlawfully taken. It is not about living standards, so we eliminate it.
- Option A, civil rights, covers personal freedoms and legal protections, not material welfare, so it is not the best fit.
- Option B, economic right, covers access to the resources needed for a decent life, including food, shelter, clothing, and healthcare. This is exactly what an "adequate standard of living" means (as in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which links it to economic and social rights).
Answer: B. economic right
Tip: Link keywords to categories. If you see words like work, wages, standard of living, social security, education, think economic/social rights. If you see speech, movement, fair trial, vote, think civil/political rights.
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- 9.
Public corporation is a semi-independent statutory body established by
- A.an act of parliament
- B.a civil service commission
- C.a private sector initiative
- D.free zones board
Show answer
Answer: A. an act of parliament
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how a public corporation is established. The key word is "statutory," which means created by a law or statute.
Step 2: Explain the concept A public corporation is a business organization owned and controlled by the government and set up to provide essential goods and services to the public. Examples in Nigeria include the NNPC, NEPA (now split into successor companies), the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA), and the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA).
Key features:
- It is created by a specific law, such as an Act of the National Assembly (parliament), or a decree during military rule.
- The law sets out its objectives, powers, structure, and how it is funded and supervised.
- It has a separate legal identity. It can sue and be sued, own property, and sign contracts.
- It operates with some independence from the day-to-day running of government ministries, which is why it is called "semi-independent."
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. An act of parliament: Correct. "Statutory body" means a body created by a statute, and a statute is an Act of parliament.
- B. A civil service commission: Incorrect. This body handles recruitment, promotion, and discipline of civil servants. It does not create corporations.
- C. A private sector initiative: Incorrect. Private initiatives produce private companies, which are registered under company law. Public corporations are government-owned.
- D. Free zones board: Incorrect. A free zones authority manages special economic areas for trade and does not establish public corporations.
Step 4: Answer A public corporation is established by an act of parliament, which is option A.
Step 5: Exam tip Link the words: statutory = statute = Act of parliament. If a question mentions "statutory body" or "established by law," the answer is almost always an Act or decree. Also remember that the Act is what makes a public corporation different from a private company, which is registered under the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA).
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- 10.
The Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS) was established primarily to
- A.create a common currency for member countries
- B.prevent neo-colonialism
- C.sideline French West African countries in economic activities
- D.Promote economic growth and development among member states.
Show answer
Answer: D. Promote economic growth and development among member states.
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- 11.
In which political system were there two levels of government with considerable devolution?
- A.Capitalism
- B.Federalism
- C.Fascism
- D.Unitarism
Show answer
Answer: B. Federalism
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which political system has two levels of government with considerable devolution (the sharing or transfer of powers from the centre to other levels).
Step 2: Explain the concept
- Federalism is a system in which power is constitutionally divided between a central (federal) government and regional governments (states, provinces or regions). Each level has its own area of authority, and the powers of the regions are guaranteed by the constitution. Nigeria, the USA, Canada and India are examples.
- Unitarism (Unitary system) has power concentrated in one central government. Local governments may exist, but they get their powers from the centre, which can withdraw them. Examples are Ghana and the UK.
- Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production. It is not a form of government structure.
- Fascism is an authoritarian, dictatorial ideology with a highly centralized government, so it has no real devolution.
Step 3: Solve by elimination
- A. Capitalism: economic system, so it is out.
- C. Fascism: centralized and authoritarian, so it is out.
- D. Unitarism: it has one dominant level of government with little real devolution, so it is out.
- B. Federalism: two main levels of government (central and regional) sharing powers, with considerable devolution. This fits.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. Federalism.
Tip: Remember "Federal = Fragmented power, shared by constitution", while "Unitary = United in one centre". Whenever a Government question mentions two levels of government with constitutionally shared powers, think federalism.
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- 12.
The following factors motivated the formation and growth of political parties in British West African territories except
- A.external socio-political factors
- B.improvement in communication network
- C.membership of legislative council
- D.the role of newspapers
Show answer
Answer: C. membership of legislative council
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- 13.
Which policy made the colonised French West African partners with France in her colonial project?
- A.Assimilation policy
- B.Association policy
- C.Indirect rule policy
- D.Loi Cadre
Show answer
Answer: B. Association policy
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- 14.
The struggle by the chiefs and people of West Africa against political, social and economic dominance by European powers was referred to as
- A.imperialism
- B.nationalism
- C.neo-colonialism
- D.liberation
Show answer
Answer: B. nationalism
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term describing the struggle by the chiefs and people of West Africa against European political, social and economic dominance. The key idea is resistance by Africans, not the domination itself.
Step 2: Explain the key concepts
- Imperialism: The policy by which a powerful country extends its control over other territories. This is what the Europeans were doing, not what the Africans were doing.
- Nationalism: The desire of a people to be free from foreign rule and to govern themselves. It covers early resistance by chiefs and later organized agitation by the educated elite, trade unions and political parties.
- Neo-colonialism: Indirect control of a country, mainly economic, after it has gained independence. It is not a struggle against colonial rule.
- Liberation: Means being set free. It describes an outcome or a type of movement, but it is not the standard term in the Government syllabus for the West African resistance to European dominance.
Step 3: Work through the options
- Option A describes the oppressor's action, so it is wrong.
- Option C describes control after independence, so it is wrong.
- Option D could sound plausible, but "liberation" is generally used for armed struggles such as those in Southern Africa, and it is not the syllabus term for West Africa.
- Option B fits: the chiefs and people resisted foreign rule, and the Government syllabus calls this movement for self-rule nationalism. Examples are the resistance of Jaja of Opobo and Nana of Itsekiri, and later the activities of Herbert Macaulay, the NCNC and Nnamdi Azikiwe.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. nationalism.
Exam tip: Match the actor to the term. When Europeans are the ones acting, think imperialism or colonialism. When Africans are resisting or agitating for self-rule, think nationalism.
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- 15.
Frequent military coup d'etats which topple elected governments negatively affect and stall
- A.education
- B.culture and religion
- C.health
- D.democratic gains
Show answer
Answer: D. democratic gains
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks what is most directly harmed when military coups repeatedly topple elected governments. The key phrase is "elected governments," which points to something political.
Explain the concept: A military coup d'etat is the sudden, often violent, overthrow of a government by the armed forces. In Nigeria, the coups of 1966, 1975, 1983, and others ended civilian rule. When this happens repeatedly:
- The constitution is suspended or abolished.
- Elected legislatures are dissolved.
- Political parties are banned, and civil liberties such as free speech and press freedom are restricted.
- Political stability and continuity are lost, so democratic institutions never get time to mature.
Work through the options:
- A. Education: Education can suffer under unstable governments, but it is an indirect effect and not the main thing a coup targets.
- B. Culture and religion: Coups do not directly stall these.
- C. Health: Like education, health is only indirectly affected.
- D. Democratic gains: Coups directly reverse progress in elections, rule of law, civil rights, and institution-building. Since the question stresses that the coups topple elected governments, this is the best fit.
Answer: The correct option is D. democratic gains.
Tip: In Government questions, match the nature of the event to the nature of the effect. A political event like a coup that removes elected leaders most directly affects a political outcome, here democracy. Watch for key words in the question, such as "elected governments," because they usually point to the answer.
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- 16.
A person who is denied the right to vote is described as
- A.uncivilized
- B.disenfranchised
- C.civil servant
- D.non-partisan
Show answer
Answer: B. disenfranchised
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks for the term describing a person who has been denied the right to vote.
Explain the concept: Franchise means the right to vote (suffrage). To enfranchise someone is to give them that right. To disenfranchise is to take it away or deny it. This can happen to groups such as prisoners, persons of unsound mind, non-citizens, or people below the voting age, or through unfair practices such as discrimination.
Check each option:
- A. Uncivilized: This describes lack of social or cultural development. It has nothing to do with voting rights.
- B. Disenfranchised: This means deprived of the right to vote. It fits the question exactly.
- C. Civil servant: This is someone employed in the public service (ministries, parastatals). Civil servants can vote, so it is wrong.
- D. Non-partisan: This describes someone not affiliated with any political party. Such a person can still vote, so it is wrong.
Answer: The correct option is B. disenfranchised.
Tip: Link the prefix "dis-" (remove or deny) with "franchise" (the vote). Dis + franchise = losing the vote. Remember also that "enfranchise" is the opposite, meaning to grant the vote. Government questions on suffrage often test these related terms, such as franchise, universal adult suffrage, and disenfranchisement.
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- 17.
Which of the following options is the role of a newspaper in a state?
- A.Determines government appointment
- B.Disseminates information
- C.Ensures fairness in newspaper circulation
- D.Ensures fair distribution of relief items
Show answer
Answer: B. Disseminates information
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the role of a newspaper in a state. Newspapers are part of the mass media, so we need the option that matches the functions of the press.
Step 2: Concept The mass media (newspapers, radio, TV, online platforms) perform these main functions in a state:
- Informing the public by reporting news and government policies
- Educating citizens on their rights and duties
- Serving as a watchdog by exposing corruption and holding government accountable
- Providing a platform for public opinion and debate
- Entertaining readers
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Determines government appointment: Wrong. Appointments are made by the executive (such as the President or Governor), often with legislative confirmation. Newspapers do not decide them.
- B. Disseminates information: Correct. Spreading news and information to the public is the core function of a newspaper.
- C. Ensures fairness in newspaper circulation: Wrong. This is circular and is not a role of a newspaper in the state. Regulatory bodies deal with media standards.
- D. Ensures fair distribution of relief items: Wrong. This is the job of agencies like NEMA or SEMA, not newspapers. A newspaper may report on relief distribution, but it does not carry it out.
Step 4: Answer The role of a newspaper in a state is to disseminate information.
Tip: When a question asks about the role of the media, look for keywords like inform, educate, publicize, expose, or watchdog. Options about appointing, distributing, or enforcing usually belong to government agencies.
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- 18.
One advantage of a multi-party system is that, the
- A.electorate have wide range of choice
- B.educated elite represents their people in parliament
- C.executive is not restrained by law
- D.party in power creates employment for all sympathizers
Show answer
Answer: A. electorate have wide range of choice
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for an advantage of a multi-party system, which is a political system where more than two parties compete for power in elections.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a multi-party system, many political parties (like in Nigeria, with APC, PDP, LP, NNPP, APGA, etc.) can contest elections. The main benefits are:
- Voters have more choices and wider representation of interests
- Minority groups can have a voice
- Government is more accountable because there is real competition
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. The electorate have a wide range of choice. This is correct. With many parties, each with its own manifesto and ideology, voters can choose the one that best fits their interests. It is the defining advantage of a multi-party system.
- B. Educated elite represent their people in parliament. This is not specific to multi-party systems. Elites can represent people in any system, including one-party or two-party systems.
- C. The executive is not restrained by law. This is not an advantage. It describes tyranny or dictatorship, which goes against constitutionalism.
- D. The party in power creates employment for all sympathizers. This is favoritism or patronage. It is a disadvantage, not a benefit of the system.
Step 4: Answer
Tip: For "advantage of multi-party system" questions, look for keywords like choice, representation, competition, or accountability. For "disadvantage" questions, look for instability, coalition, division, or high election cost.
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- 19.
The action programme of a political party intended to be carried out when political power is won is known as
- A.code of conduct
- B.party constitution
- C.party survey
- D.manifesto
Show answer
Answer: D. manifesto
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term that describes a political party's action programme, meaning what it plans to do if it wins power.
Step 2: Explain the concept A manifesto is a formal document in which a political party sets out its policies, goals, and promises to the electorate. Parties publish it before elections to persuade voters, and it guides their actions in government if they win.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Code of conduct: a set of rules guiding the behaviour of members or officials. It is not a programme of action.
- B. Party constitution: the document that governs the party's internal organisation, such as membership, structure, and leadership selection. It does not set out what the party will do in government.
- C. Party survey: not a standard term for a party document. At best it means gathering opinions.
- D. Manifesto: the party's declared policies and programmes to be implemented once it gains political power. This matches the question exactly.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. manifesto.
Tip: Link manifesto with "manifest", which means to make clear. A party makes its plans clear to voters before an election. Likewise, remember constitution = internal rules and manifesto = promises to voters. WASSCE often tests this distinction.
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- 20.
What motivated the adoption of the Indirect Rule system by the British in her West African colonies?
- A.Effective and efficient tax system was in place
- B.Chiefs did not have the power to make laws
- C.Educated elites were in bed with the British government
- D.The land was fertile for cash crop farming
Show answer
Answer: A. Effective and efficient tax system was in place
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks why the British adopted Indirect Rule, a system of governing through existing traditional rulers and institutions, in their West African colonies.
Step 2: The concept Indirect Rule was associated with Lord Frederick Lugard in Northern Nigeria (from 1900) and was later extended to other areas. The British adopted it mainly because of:
- Shortage of British personnel and money to administer large territories
- The need to save cost
- The presence of existing, functioning traditional political structures, including the tax collection systems (e.g., the Fulani Emirate system with its jangali and kharaji taxes)
In Northern Nigeria, the Emirs already had an organized and efficient system of taxation. Lugard used it to raise revenue for the colonial government without spending much on British staff.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Effective and efficient tax system was in place: This fits. The existing tax system in the emirates made it easy and cheap for the British to rule through the traditional rulers and finance the administration.
- B. Chiefs did not have the power to make laws: Wrong. Chiefs did have authority, and that is why the British used them.
- C. Educated elites were in bed with the British government: Wrong. The educated elites were generally sidelined and resented under Indirect Rule.
- D. The land was fertile for cash crop farming: This relates to economic exploitation in general, not to the choice of Indirect Rule as an administrative system.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A.
Exam tip: Remember the "3 Cs" of Indirect Rule: Cost (cheap), Chiefs (existing structures), and Collection (taxes). If a question asks about the motivation, look for the option on cost-saving, shortage of staff, or the existing tax and administrative system.
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- 21.
Local government performs a number of functions on behalf of the central government in the form of
- A.employing police officers
- B.ensuring people attend religious institutions of prayers
- C.mobilizing of resources of development
- D.punishing opposition or dissent
Show answer
Answer: C. mobilizing of resources of development
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- 22.
The Civil Services helps the government to
- A.recruit personnel for the army
- B.develop and implement policies effectively
- C.maintain instability in the state
- D.stay in power for a long time.
Show answer
Answer: B. develop and implement policies effectively
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the role of the Civil Service in helping the government. It is a Government (Civics) question on the functions of public administration.
Step 2: Explain the concept The Civil Service is the body of permanent, non-political, salaried officials who work in government ministries and departments. Its main functions are:
- Advising ministers and political leaders on policy
- Implementing government policies and programmes
- Administering laws and delivering public services
- Providing continuity in government when political leaders change (for example, after elections or coups)
Civil servants are expected to be neutral, anonymous, and permanent. They serve whichever government is in power.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Recruit personnel for the army: Incorrect. Military recruitment is handled by the armed forces and bodies like the Armed Forces Council, not the Civil Service.
- B. Develop and implement policies effectively: Correct. Civil servants give technical advice when policies are formulated and carry them out afterwards.
- C. Maintain instability in the state: Incorrect. The Civil Service promotes stability and continuity.
- D. Stay in power for a long time: Incorrect. The Civil Service is politically neutral and does not exist to keep any government in power.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B.
Tip: When a question asks about the role of the Civil Service, look for the option about advising, implementing policy, or administration. Eliminate options with negative or political-survival wording like "instability" or "stay in power." Remember the phrase: Politicians make policy, civil servants carry it out.
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- 23.
Judicial review in a democratic environment is an aspect of
- A.checks and balances
- B.a check on the legislature
- C.a check on the executive and the media
- D.ensuring the police assist the judiciary in its work
Show answer
Answer: A. checks and balances
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- 24.
How beneficial is delegated legislation to the democratic process? It
- A.aids lawmakers to become experts in legislation
- B.cannot be applied during period of crises
- C.helps to discipline personnel in the civil service
- D.permits handling of certain aspect of legislation by non-technocrats
Show answer
Answer: C. helps to discipline personnel in the civil service
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- 25.
Which territories in British West Africa did the colonial government exercise limited jurisdiction?
- A.Conquered states
- B.Mandated territories
- C.protectorates
- D.Trust territories
Show answer
Answer: C. protectorates
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks which type of territory the British colonial government governed with only limited jurisdiction.
Explain the concept: In British West Africa, there were different categories of territory:
- Colony: Territory directly annexed or ceded to Britain (e.g., Lagos Colony, Gold Coast Colony, Sierra Leone Colony). Britain had full jurisdiction and ruled directly under British law.
- Protectorate: Territory (e.g., Northern Nigeria, Ashanti Northern Territories, Sierra Leone Protectorate) where local rulers kept their traditional authority and institutions. Britain gave "protection" and controlled foreign affairs and defence, but its jurisdiction over internal matters was limited. This is why indirect rule worked there.
- Mandated territories: Former German colonies (Togoland, Cameroons) handed to Britain by the League of Nations after World War I. They were administered under League supervision.
- Trust territories: The same mandated territories after 1946, now under United Nations supervision.
Step-by-step reasoning:
- "Limited jurisdiction" means Britain did not have complete legal sovereignty over the land.
- Colonies were under full control, so they do not fit.
- Protectorates were governed through treaties with local rulers, and Britain's legal authority was limited. This fits.
- Mandated and trust territories were governed under international oversight. Their status was about accountability to the League or UN, not about the nature of British jurisdiction. They are less directly fitting.
- "Conquered states" is not a formal legal category of territory.
Answer: The protectorates, option C.
Exam tip: Remember it this way: Colony = Complete control; Protectorate = Partial control. Whenever you see "limited jurisdiction" in a colonial administration question, think "protectorate."
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- 26.
Commonwealth member states derive the following benefits from the association except
- A.assistance to war-torn countries
- B.promotion of education
- C.political instability
- D.promotion of sports
Show answer
Answer: C. political instability
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- 27.
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is saddled with many problems, one of which is
- A.colonial heritage
- B.facilitation of movement of people
- C.inter-state trading
- D.sports and cultural exchange
Show answer
Answer: A. colonial heritage
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a problem (a challenge) facing ECOWAS. So we must pick the option that is a difficulty, not an achievement or objective.
Step 2: Recall the concept ECOWAS was founded in 1975 (Treaty of Lagos) to promote economic integration, free movement of people, trade, and cooperation among West African states. Its aims and activities include:
- Facilitating free movement of persons, goods, and services
- Promoting inter-state trade
- Encouraging cultural and sports exchange
Its problems include:
- Colonial heritage (language barriers between Anglophone, Francophone, and Lusophone members, differing currencies and administrative systems, and continued loyalty to former colonial powers)
- Political instability and coups
- Multiple memberships in other organizations
- Poor transport and communication links
- Unequal economic development and fear of Nigerian dominance
- Irregular payment of dues
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Colonial heritage: This is a problem. The division of West Africa into English-, French-, and Portuguese-speaking blocs hinders integration. ✔
- B. Facilitation of movement of people: This is an objective or achievement, not a problem.
- C. Inter-state trading: This is an aim of ECOWAS, not a problem.
- D. Sports and cultural exchange: This is a benefit or activity, not a problem.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. colonial heritage.
Tip: In "problems of an organization" questions, eliminate options that sound like aims or achievements (movement of people, trade, cultural exchange). The remaining option that describes an obstacle (such as colonial legacy, language barriers, or political instability) is usually the answer.
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- 28.
One of the following French West African colonies was the first to gain independence
- A.Benin
- B.Burkina Faso
- C.Guinea
- D.Togo
Show answer
Answer: C. Guinea
AI explanation
Analyze the question: You are asked which of these French West African colonies became independent first.
Concept: After World War II, France offered its African colonies a choice in the 1958 referendum on de Gaulle's new constitution (the Fifth Republic). Territories could vote "Yes" to join the French Community, with internal self-government, or "No" for immediate independence. Only Guinea, led by Ahmed Sékou Touré, voted "No", famously declaring, "We prefer poverty in liberty to riches in slavery."
Step-by-step solution:
- Guinea voted "No" in September 1958 and became independent on 2 October 1958.
- Togo (French-administered) became independent on 27 April 1960.
- Benin (then Dahomey) became independent on 1 August 1960.
- Burkina Faso (then Upper Volta) became independent on 5 August 1960.
Order: Guinea (1958), then Togo (April 1960), then Benin (August 1960), then Burkina Faso (August 1960).
Answer: Guinea was the first, which is option C.
Exam tip: Remember "Guinea said No, so Guinea was first (1958)." Most other French colonies, including Togo, Benin, and Burkina Faso, became independent in 1960, often called the "Year of Africa." Also note that Ghana (1957) was the first sub-Saharan British colony to gain independence, and don't confuse it with the French colonies.
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- 29.
The West African Youth League (WAYL) was a nationalist movement founded by
- A.Bankole-Bright
- B.ITA Wallace-Johnson
- C.J.E. Casely Hayford
- D.Samuel Akisanya
Show answer
Answer: B. ITA Wallace-Johnson
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks who founded the West African Youth League (WAYL), a nationalist movement in British West Africa.
Explain the concept: The WAYL was founded in 1935 in Freetown, Sierra Leone, by I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, a trade unionist, journalist and radical politician. He had earlier been active in the Gold Coast and Nigeria. The League campaigned against colonial rule, racial discrimination, and the Sedition Bill. It also pushed for workers' rights and youth mobilisation. Its newspaper, the African Standard (later the African Sentinel), spread its ideas.
Eliminate the other options:
- A. Bankole-Bright: H.C. Bankole-Bright was a Sierra Leonean politician who led the National Council of the Colony of Sierra Leone. He was more conservative than Wallace-Johnson and was not the founder of the WAYL.
- C. J.E. Casely Hayford: He was a Gold Coast lawyer and nationalist who founded the National Congress of British West Africa (1920). He died in 1930, before the WAYL began.
- D. Samuel Akisanya: He was a Nigerian nationalist linked to the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM), not the WAYL.
Answer: The WAYL was founded by I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, which is option B.
Exam tip: Link the names to their organisations:
- Wallace-Johnson → WAYL (youth, 1935)
- Casely Hayford → NCBWA (1920)
- Herbert Macaulay → NNDP / NCNC
- Bankole-Bright → National Council of Sierra Leone
Remember "Wallace-Johnson = Youth League" and you will not mix them up.
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- 30.
The British colonial governor in West Africa wielded sweeping powers by virtues of
- A.the land tenure system
- B.drafting laws
- C.tax collection
- D.veto power
Show answer
Answer: D. veto power
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks what gave the British colonial governor in West Africa his sweeping (very wide) powers. We need the source of his authority in the colonial government.
Explain the concept: In British West Africa, the governor was the head of the colonial administration. He represented the British Crown and held executive, legislative and some judicial powers. In the Legislative Council, even after unofficial and African members were added, the governor could veto any bill passed by the council, and he could also assent to bills before they became law. He also presided over the Executive Council and made key appointments. His power to reject or approve legislation made him the final authority in the colony.
Step-by-step evaluation of the options:
- A. The land tenure system: This concerned how land was owned and used. It was not the source of the governor's political power. ❌
- B. Drafting laws: The governor did not draft laws as his main source of power. Bills were prepared by the Attorney-General and legal officers, and the Legislative Council passed them. ❌
- C. Tax collection: Taxes were collected by colonial revenue officials and were a function of administration, not the basis of the governor's sweeping powers. ❌
- D. Veto power: The governor could reject any law passed by the Legislative Council, which made him the supreme authority in lawmaking. ✔
Tip: For colonial administration questions, remember "Governor = Crown's representative with the final say." If you see the words "sweeping powers" or "final authority" about the governor, think veto (and assent) over legislation.
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- 31.
Public Corporations can deliver on their mandate if
- A.incidence of corporation and mismanagement were dealt with
- B.loans were secured to pay staff well
- C.politicians were members of the board
- D.religious institutions pray for their success
Show answer
Answer: A. incidence of corporation and mismanagement were dealt with
AI explanation
Analyze the question The question asks what condition would let public corporations (government-owned bodies like NNPC, NEPA/PHCN, Nigerian Railway Corporation) achieve the purposes for which they were set up. Note that option A has a typo: "corporation" almost certainly stands for "corruption," so it reads "incidence of corruption and mismanagement were dealt with."
Concept Public corporations are set up by an Act of Parliament to provide essential services, generate revenue, and promote development. In Nigeria, their main problems have been:
- Corruption and embezzlement of funds
- Poor management and inefficiency
- Political interference
- Over-staffing and a lack of accountability
If these problems are solved, the corporations can perform effectively.
Evaluating the options
- A. Dealing with corruption and mismanagement. This addresses the root cause of failure, so it is correct.
- B. Securing loans to pay staff well. Borrowing does not fix inefficiency, and it adds debt. Good pay helps motivation, but it is not the main solution.
- C. Politicians as board members. This invites political interference, which is one of the causes of the failure of public corporations.
- D. Religious institutions praying for them. This is not a practical administrative measure.
Answer: A
Exam tip: In Government questions about why public institutions fail, think "corruption, mismanagement, and political interference." The option that removes these problems is usually correct, and the option that adds political influence is usually a distractor.
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- 32.
Citizens' political participation is best practised under a
- A.militant pressure group
- B.neighborhood vigilante group
- C.cooperative society
- D.political party
Show answer
Answer: D. political party
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which organisation or platform is best for citizens to practise political participation. Political participation means taking part in activities that influence who governs and how, such as voting, joining campaigns, contesting for office, and attending rallies.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a democracy, the main channel for citizens' participation in governance is the political party. Parties:
- Recruit and field candidates for elections
- Mobilise citizens to vote
- Educate the public on political issues
- Aggregate people's interests into policies and manifestos
- Form the government or act as the opposition
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Militant pressure group: Pressure groups try to influence government decisions, but they do not seek to control power. Militant ones use force or disruption, which is not a healthy form of participation.
- B. Neighborhood vigilante group: This is concerned with local security, not politics.
- C. Cooperative society: This is an economic association for members' financial or business benefit, not primarily political.
- D. Political party: It exists to win elections and govern, so it gives citizens the most direct and complete way to take part in politics.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is D. political party.
Exam tip: Remember the key difference: political parties seek to win and hold power, while pressure groups only seek to influence it. If a question asks about participation in the political process, think "political party" first.
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- 33.
Citizenship does not only go with rights but also the performance of
- A.compulsory military service
- B.compulsory teaching
- C.certain obligations and duties
- D.certain religious rites
Show answer
Answer: C. certain obligations and duties
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- 34.
What is the term given to the action of discontinuing a session of a parliament or other legislative assembly without dissolving
- A.Adjournment
- B.Postponement
- C.Prorogation
- D.Recess
Show answer
Answer: C. Prorogation
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term for ending a session of a legislature without dissolving it. The key phrases are "discontinuing a session" and "without dissolving."
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Adjournment: A short break in a sitting, such as ending the day's proceedings and resuming the next day or later. It does not end the session.
- Postponement: Delaying an event or meeting to a later time. It is not a formal parliamentary term for ending a session.
- Prorogation: The formal ending of a legislative session by the head of state or the executive, without dissolving the legislature. Members remain in office, and the house reconvenes later in a new session. Pending business is usually discontinued.
- Recess: A temporary break within a session, such as the long vacation or Christmas break. The session itself continues.
- Dissolution: The complete ending of the legislature's life, which leads to new elections. This is what the question says did not happen.
Step 3: Apply to the question The action ends the session itself, not just a sitting or a short break, and the legislature is not dissolved. That matches prorogation.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. Prorogation.
Tip: Remember the ladder: Adjournment ends a sitting, Recess is a break within a session, Prorogation ends a session, and Dissolution ends the whole legislature. "Pro-" sounds like "formal pause by the authority," so think of the President or Governor proroguing the house.
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- 35.
Taking over power, military governments disregard democratic protocols and rule mainly by
- A.decrees
- B.popular acclamation
- C.jury
- D.court martial
Show answer
Answer: A. decrees
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how military governments mainly rule once they seize power and set aside democratic procedures such as elections, legislatures and constitutional lawmaking.
Step 2: Explain the concept When the military takes over, it usually suspends or abolishes the constitution and dissolves the legislature (the National Assembly). Since there is no parliament to make laws, the ruling body, such as the Supreme Military Council or Armed Forces Ruling Council, makes laws by decree. A decree is an order or law issued directly by the ruler or ruling council without legislative debate or approval. In Nigeria, examples include Decree No. 2 of 1984 (State Security Detention of Persons) under Buhari's first regime, and Decree No. 34 of 1966 (Unification Decree) under Aguiyi-Ironsi.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Decrees: Correct. This is the main legal instrument of military rule.
- B. Popular acclamation: This means approval by public shouting or applause. It is a traditional or informal way of choosing leaders, not how the military governs.
- C. Jury: A jury is a group of citizens who decide verdicts in court trials. It has nothing to do with governing.
- D. Court martial: This is a military tribunal for trying soldiers who break military law. It is a judicial body, not a method of ruling the country.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. decrees.
Tip: Link the words to the system of government:
- Civilian/democratic rule → Acts of the legislature
- Military rule → Decrees (and Edicts at state level)
If you see "military" and "rule/law-making" together, think "decree."
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- 36.
The media can best contribute to the democratic process of a country by
- A.lobbying ministers to be in their good books
- B.setting the agenda for good government
- C.inciting strikes and demonstrations
- D.recounting the achievements of the government in power
Show answer
Answer: B. setting the agenda for good government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how the media can best contribute to democracy. In Government, the media are called the "fourth estate" because they act as a watchdog over the three arms of government.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a democracy, the media:
- Inform citizens about public issues
- Hold leaders accountable
- Provide a platform for debate and public opinion
- Set the public agenda, which means they draw attention to the issues that matter, such as corruption, education and security, and so push government to act
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Lobbying ministers to be in their good books: Wrong. This compromises the media's independence and objectivity, and leads to biased reporting.
- B. Setting the agenda for good government: Correct. By highlighting important national issues, scrutinizing policies and shaping public discussion, the media push for accountability, transparency and good governance.
- C. Inciting strikes and demonstrations: Wrong. Incitement is irresponsible and can cause instability. It is not a constructive democratic role.
- D. Recounting the achievements of the government in power: Wrong. This is propaganda or praise-singing. The media should report fairly, including criticism, not only the government's successes.
Step 4: Answer
Exam tip: In Government questions on the media, look for words like watchdog, accountability, informing the public, agenda-setting. Options that suggest flattering the government (A, D) or causing unrest (C) are almost always distractors.
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- 37.
What does the mass media rely on to gauge public opinion?
- A.Influential citizens
- B.propaganda and interviews
- C.polls and survey
- D.Rumors and gossip
Show answer
Answer: C. polls and survey
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how the mass media (newspapers, radio, TV, online platforms) find out what the public thinks about issues. This means the method used to measure or "gauge" public opinion.
Step 2: Explain the concept Public opinion is the collective views of citizens on political, social, or economic issues. To measure it reliably, the media use systematic, evidence-based methods such as:
- Opinion polls (e.g., NOI Polls in Nigeria)
- Surveys and questionnaires
- Sometimes vox-pop (street) interviews, though these are less scientific
These methods collect data from a representative sample of the population, so the results reflect the wider public's views.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Influential citizens: These people can shape opinion, but their views do not represent the whole public. Not a measuring tool.
- B. Propaganda and interviews: Propaganda is used to influence opinion, not to measure it. Not correct.
- C. Polls and survey: These are the standard, systematic tools for measuring public opinion. Correct.
- D. Rumors and gossip: Unreliable and unverified, so they are not a valid way to gauge opinion.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. polls and survey.
Tip: Remember the pairing "Gauge = Poll." Propaganda pushes opinion, while polls and surveys measure it. If a WASSCE question asks how opinion is measured, look for words like poll, survey, referendum, or election.
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- 38.
A constitution that requires an absolute majority of members of parliament to amend is a
- A.confederal constitution
- B.federal constitution
- C.flexible constitution
- D.rigid constitution
Show answer
Answer: D. rigid constitution
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks what type of constitution is one that needs an absolute majority of parliament members to be amended. This is about how easy or difficult it is to change the constitution.
Explain the concept:
- Flexible constitution: Can be amended by the ordinary legislative process, with a simple majority, just like any other law. The United Kingdom is the usual example.
- Rigid constitution: Needs a special, more difficult procedure to amend. This usually means a two-thirds or three-fourths majority, sometimes plus approval by state legislatures or a referendum. Nigeria and the USA are examples.
- Federal/confederal: These describe how power is shared between central and component governments. They do not describe the amendment procedure.
Solution:
- Options A and B (confederal and federal) are about the distribution of power, not amendment, so we eliminate them.
- The choice is between flexible and rigid.
- A requirement of an absolute majority (a stricter threshold than an ordinary simple majority of those present and voting) makes amendment harder than ordinary lawmaking. That points to a rigid constitution. 4.
Answer: D. rigid constitution
Tip: Link the words to the difficulty of amendment: Rigid = Restricted/Rough to change; Flexible = Free/Easy to change. If the question mentions special majorities (absolute, two-thirds, three-quarters) or referendums, think "rigid."
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- 39.
Chiefs under the Indirect Rule system were used to carry out unpopular tasks, one of which was
- A.enforcement of Western education
- B.establishment of churches
- C.military conscription
- D.presiding over native courts
Show answer
Answer: C. military conscription
AI explanation
Analyze the question: Under Lord Lugard's Indirect Rule in Nigeria, the British governed through traditional rulers (chiefs). The question asks which task was unpopular with the people, which the chiefs were made to carry out on behalf of the colonial government.
Concept: Indirect Rule used traditional rulers as intermediaries. They had several duties:
- Collecting taxes (the most unpopular one)
- Recruiting labour for public works (forced labour)
- Maintaining law and order
- Presiding over native courts
- Enforcing colonial regulations
Tasks the people disliked were those that imposed burdens on them, such as taxation, forced labour and, in some cases, conscription for military service. These made chiefs lose respect among their people.
Evaluating the options:
- A. Enforcement of Western education: Not a major duty of the chiefs. Education was largely left to missionaries, and in the North the colonial government even restricted missionary activity.
- B. Establishment of churches: This was the work of missionaries, not chiefs. In Muslim areas, Indirect Rule protected the existing religion.
- C. Military conscription: Chiefs were made to supply recruits for the colonial army and carriers (especially during the World Wars). People resented this, so it was an unpopular task.
- D. Presiding over native courts: This was a recognised and accepted function of chiefs, not an unpopular imposition. It actually preserved their traditional authority.
Exam tip: For "unpopular tasks of chiefs under Indirect Rule", think of the "3 burdens": tax collection, forced labour, and conscription. Tasks like judging cases in native courts were seen as powers of chiefs, not burdens.
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- 40.
People's political values are continuously shaped by the following agents except
- A.education
- B.family
- C.media
- D.ombudsman
Show answer
Answer: D. ombudsman
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks which option is NOT an agent of political socialization. Political values (beliefs, attitudes, and opinions about politics) are learned through a process called political socialization.
Explain the concept: Agents of political socialization are the people, groups, and institutions that shape how we think about politics. The main ones are:
- Family: the first and most influential source of political attitudes
- Education/school: teaches civic duties, national history, and patriotism
- Peer groups: friends and age-mates
- Mass media: newspapers, radio, TV, and social media
- Religious bodies
- Political parties and pressure groups
- Workplace and trade unions
Solution, option by option:
- A. Education: Schools teach civic education, government, and national values. It is an agent.
- B. Family: Children pick up political views from their parents. It is an agent.
- C. Media: News and commentary influence public opinion. It is an agent.
- D. Ombudsman: The ombudsman (in Nigeria, the Public Complaints Commission) is an official who investigates complaints from citizens against government officials and agencies over maladministration and injustice. Its role is administrative and investigative. It is not a channel for shaping people's political values.
Answer: The ombudsman is the odd one out, so the correct option is D.
Exam tip: When you see "except" questions, first list what you know belongs to the group (here: family, school, peers, media, religion). The option that doesn't fit is your answer. Also remember: Ombudsman = complaints and public accountability, not socialization.
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- 41.
The action plan by African countries under the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) aimed at tackling the following issues except
- A.economic
- B.political
- C.religious
- D.social
Show answer
Answer: C. religious
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which area NEPAD did not aim to tackle. This is an "except" question, so three options are areas NEPAD covered and one is not.
Step 2: Explain the concept NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa's Development) was launched in 2001 and later adopted by the African Union as its development programme. Its main aims are:
- Eradicating poverty
- Promoting sustainable growth and development
- Integrating Africa into the world economy
- Empowering women
- Improving governance and democracy
Its work is organised around three broad areas:
- Economic issues, such as infrastructure, agriculture, trade, and investment.
- Political issues, such as democracy, good governance, peace, and security (the African Peer Review Mechanism, APRM).
- Social issues, such as health, education, and human resource development.
Step 3: Apply to the options
- A. Economic: covered by NEPAD.
- B. Political: covered through good governance, peace, and the APRM.
- C. Religious: NEPAD has no religious agenda. It deals with development, not faith matters.
- D. Social: covered through health and education.
Step 4: Answer The option NEPAD did not target is religious, so the answer is C.
Exam tip: NEPAD = Economic + Political + Social development. Religion is never part of it. In "except" questions, first identify the three options that clearly fit, and the odd one out is your answer.
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- 42.
In a monocephalous executive system of government, all executive powers are vested in the
- A.Chief Justice
- B.President
- C.Prime Minister
- D.Speaker
Show answer
Answer: B. President
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks who holds all executive powers in a monocephalous executive system.
Step 2: Explain the concept
- Mono = one, cephalous = head. A monocephalous (or single) executive means executive power is vested in one person rather than shared among a group.
- The opposite is a collegial or plural executive, where power is shared by a council or committee (e.g., the Swiss Federal Council).
- In a presidential system like Nigeria's, the President is both Head of State and Head of Government, so executive power rests in one individual.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Chief Justice: He heads the judiciary, not the executive. ✗
- B. President: A single person who holds all executive powers (e.g., Nigeria under the 1999 Constitution, Section 5). ✓
- C. Prime Minister: In a parliamentary system, the PM works with a Cabinet and shares collective responsibility. Also, the Head of State is usually a separate person (monarch or ceremonial president), so executive power is divided between two offices. ✗
- D. Speaker: He presides over the legislature. ✗
Step 4: Answer President**, and my working agrees. In a monocephalous executive, one person, the President, holds all executive powers.
Exam tip: Remember "Mono = One." Monocephalous = one head = President (single executive). If you see collegial or plural, think of executive power shared by a council.
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- 43.
Which of the following tools is not used by pressure groups to achieve with their aim?
- A.Boycotts
- B.Demonstrations
- C.Elections
- D.Strikes
Show answer
Answer: C. Elections
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which tool is not used by pressure groups to achieve their aims.
Step 2: Explain the concept A pressure group is an organized body that tries to influence government policy and decisions without seeking to take over political power. This is what separates it from a political party. Parties contest elections to form the government, while pressure groups only try to influence those who hold power.
Common methods used by pressure groups:
- Boycotts: refusing to buy, use, or participate in something (for example, boycotting a product or service) to show disapproval.
- Demonstrations/protests: public marches and rallies to draw attention to their demands.
- Strikes: withdrawing labour (for example, NLC or ASUU strikes) to force the government to act.
- Lobbying, petitions, press campaigns, and litigation.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Boycotts: used by pressure groups. ✔
- B. Demonstrations: used by pressure groups. ✔
- C. Elections: contesting elections is the method of political parties, not pressure groups. A pressure group does not field candidates to win government office. ✘
- D. Strikes: used by pressure groups, especially trade unions. ✔
Step 4: Answer The tool that is not used by pressure groups is Elections, which is option C.
Tip: Remember the phrase "Parties contest, pressure groups persuade." If a question asks about contesting elections or forming the government, it points to political parties. If it mentions strikes, protests, boycotts, lobbying, or petitions, it points to pressure groups.
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- 44.
Which electoral system best suits a heterogeneous political environment?
- A.Non-transferable votes
- B.Preferential ballot
- C.Proportional representation
- D.Run-off election
Show answer
Answer: C. Proportional representation
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question "Heterogeneous" means a society made up of many different groups, such as ethnic, religious, linguistic or regional groups. Nigeria is a good example. The question asks which electoral system gives these varied groups the fairest chance of being represented.
Step 2: Explain the concept Under a simple majority (first-past-the-post) system, small groups can be shut out completely, because the largest group wins every seat. In a divided society, this makes minorities feel excluded and can cause tension. A good system for a diverse society should give seats in proportion to the votes each group or party receives.
Step 3: Examine the options
- A. Non-transferable votes: The voter's vote counts only for the chosen candidate and cannot pass to another. It does nothing special to protect minorities.
- B. Preferential ballot: Voters rank candidates. It helps find a candidate with broad support, but it is still usually used in single-seat contests, so it does not guarantee that minority groups are represented.
- C. Proportional representation (PR): Seats are shared according to the percentage of votes each party or group wins. Even small groups get a voice in the legislature. This is why PR is widely recommended for plural, divided societies.
- D. Run-off election: A second round is held if no candidate wins a required majority. It ensures a majority winner but does not give minorities representation.
Step 4: Answer Proportional representation gives every significant group a share of seats, which promotes inclusion, fairness and stability in a diverse society.
Correct option: C. Proportional representation
Tip: When you see "heterogeneous," "plural society" or "minority representation" in a Government question, think Proportional Representation. Link "Proportional" with "fair portions for all groups."
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- 45.
A citizen is barred from active politics when employed as a
- A.university lecturer
- B.priest
- C.civil servant
- D.journalist
Show answer
Answer: C. civil servant
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks which occupation bars a citizen from taking part in active (partisan) politics.
Concept: In Nigeria, civil servants must be politically neutral. They implement government policies no matter which party is in power, and the Public Service Rules and the Code of Conduct forbid them from active partisan politics. A civil servant cannot join a political party, campaign for a candidate, or contest an election while still in service. To run for office, they must first resign or retire.
Step-by-step solution:
- A. University lecturer: Lecturers may belong to political parties, and many have contested elections or served as ministers, usually after taking leave or resigning. They are not barred outright.
- B. Priest: Priests are not legally barred from politics. Some religious bodies discourage partisan involvement, but this is not a rule of the state.
- C. Civil servant: The civil service is a neutral, permanent body, so its members are barred from partisan politics. This matches the question.
- D. Journalist: Journalists are free to take part in politics, and the media is meant to be a watchdog. No law bars them.
Answer: The correct option is C. civil servant.
Tip: Remember the civil service principles of anonymity, neutrality, and permanence. If a question asks who is banned from partisan politics, think "civil servant" (and also members of the armed forces and police).
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- 46.
One-party system encourages and often ends up in
- A.democracy
- B.dictatorship
- C.fair electoral contest
- D.freedom of expression
Show answer
Answer: B. dictatorship
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what a one-party system encourages and often ends up in. We need to identify the outcome of having only one political party in control.
Step 2: Explain the concept A one-party system is one in which only a single political party is legally allowed to hold power. Opposition parties are banned or suppressed. Because there is no competition, the ruling party faces no real checks on its power.
Features of a one-party system:
- No opposition, so there is no effective check on the government
- Power becomes concentrated in one party and often one leader
- Free speech and the press are restricted
- Elections, if held at all, are not truly competitive
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Democracy: Democracy requires multiple parties, competition and choice. A one-party system works against it. ❌
- B. Dictatorship: With no opposition and no checks, power tends to concentrate in one leader or group who rule absolutely. ✅
- C. Fair electoral contest: A fair contest needs competing parties, which a one-party system does not have. ❌
- D. Freedom of expression: This is usually suppressed under one-party rule. ❌
Step 4: Answer A one-party system encourages and often ends up in dictatorship.
💡 Exam Tip: Remember "One party, one voice." One-party system leads to dictatorship and authoritarianism, while multi-party systems go with democracy, competition and freedom. Examples to cite: Nigeria under military rule had no party competition, and the Soviet Union and Ghana under Nkrumah's later years (1964) had one-party rule.
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- 47.
The European imperialist penetration into West Africa was primarily motivated by the following considerations except
- A.compassion
- B.economic
- C.social
- D.military
Show answer
Answer: A. compassion
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The word "except" means three options were motivating factors for European imperialism in West Africa, and one was not. We need to find the odd one out.
Explain the concept: European imperialism (colonial penetration) in West Africa, especially after the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, was driven by self-interested motives:
- Economic: The Industrial Revolution created demand for raw materials (palm oil, cocoa, groundnuts, rubber, minerals), new markets for manufactured goods, and outlets for surplus capital.
- Social: Europe had a growing population and wanted to settle or resettle the unemployed. Missionaries wanted to spread Christianity, and Europeans claimed a "civilizing mission." Freed slaves were also resettled (e.g., Freetown, Liberia).
- Military/strategic: European powers wanted naval bases and strategic territories, and competed for power and prestige (Britain vs France vs Germany). They also wanted to protect trade routes and their existing territories.
- Political: National prestige and the balance of power in Europe.
Work through the options:
- A. Compassion: Europeans did not invade out of genuine care for Africans. Humanitarian claims (such as ending the slave trade) were often used to justify their actions, but the real aims were self-interest and control. This was not a primary motive.
- B. Economic: a primary motive.
- C. Social: a primary motive (settlement, missionary work, the "civilizing mission").
- D. Military: a primary motive (strategic bases, rivalry, and prestige).
Answer: The odd one out is A. compassion.
Exam tip: For "except" questions, find the three options that clearly belong to the same group. Here, the standard motives are remembered as E-S-P-M (Economic, Social, Political, Military). Words like "compassion," "kindness," or "charity" are almost never the correct reasons for imperialism.
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- 48.
The desire for foreign investments and overseas markets had become the driving force behind many West African countries
- A.educational policy
- B.foreign policy
- C.campaign tool
- D.dream ideology
Show answer
Answer: B. foreign policy
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- 49.
Citizenship of a state is based on the following requirements except
- A.birth
- B.marriage
- C.education
- D.naturalization
Show answer
Answer: C. education
AI explanation
1. Analyze the question The question asks which option is NOT a way of acquiring citizenship. This is an "except" question, so three options are valid means of citizenship and one is not.
2. Explain the concept Citizenship is full membership of a state, with rights and duties. In Nigeria, the 1999 Constitution (Chapter III) provides for citizenship in three main ways:
- Birth: A person born in Nigeria to at least one parent or grandparent who belongs to an indigenous community is a citizen. A person born outside Nigeria to a Nigerian parent is also a citizen.
- Registration: This covers women married to Nigerian men and people of Nigerian descent. Marriage is therefore a recognised route, though it works through registration.
- Naturalization: A foreigner who meets conditions such as residency, good character, and a commitment to settle can be granted citizenship.
Other recognised ways in Government textbooks include honorary citizenship and citizenship by decent (descent).
3. Work through the options
- A. Birth: A valid basis for citizenship.
- B. Marriage: A valid basis, since it is recognised in the constitution through registration.
- C. Education: Going to school or earning a degree in a country does not make a person a citizen. A foreign student who studies in Nigeria for years remains a foreigner.
- D. Naturalization: A valid, legal process of becoming a citizen.
4. Answer The option that is not a requirement or basis for citizenship is C. Education.
5. Exam tip Remember the citizenship routes with B-R-N-H: Birth, Registration (including marriage), Naturalization, Honorary. If an option such as education, wealth, or religion appears, it is almost certainly the "except" answer.
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- 50.
A system of government in which people elect their lawmakers and make them accountable for their actions and inactions in government is
- A.a representative government
- B.first-past-the-post government
- C.an oligarchy government
- D.checks and balances system of government
Show answer
Answer: A. a representative government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the system of government where citizens elect their lawmakers and can hold them accountable for what they do (actions) and fail to do (inactions).
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Representative government: Citizens choose people through elections to make laws and decisions on their behalf. Those representatives answer to the voters, who can re-elect, recall, or vote them out.
- First-past-the-post: This is an electoral system, where the candidate with the most votes wins. It is not a system of government.
- Oligarchy: Rule by a small, privileged group. The people do not elect or control them.
- Checks and balances: This is a mechanism that stops any one arm of government (executive, legislature, judiciary) from becoming too powerful. It concerns the relationship between arms of government, not voters electing lawmakers.
Step 3: Eliminate the options
- B is a method of voting, not a system of government, so it is out.
- C is undemocratic, so it is out.
- D deals with the separation and control of powers among government arms, not the people's election and accountability of lawmakers, so it is out.
- A fits both key ideas: election of lawmakers and accountability to the electorate.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. a representative government.
Exam tip: Look for key phrases. "People elect... and hold accountable" points to representative government. "Winner gets the most votes" points to first-past-the-post. "Few people rule" points to oligarchy. "Arms of government limit each other" points to checks and balances.
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