2022 WAEC (WASSCE) Government Past Questions and Answers
The 2022 WAEC (WASSCE) Government past questions with answers: 50 objective questions from the 2022 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.
Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.
Questions
- 1.
The first inter-territorial political movement organized in the 1920s which sought to bring all the British West African territories together to fight the colonial establishment was the
- A.Aborigines Right Protection Society
- B.West African Youth League
- C.National Congress of British West African
- D.WestAfrican Students Union
Show answer
Answer: C. National Congress of British West African
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the first inter-territorial political movement of the 1920s. It linked the British West African territories (Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and The Gambia) in the struggle against colonial rule.
Step 2: Explain the concept "Inter-territorial" means the organization operated across several colonies, not just one. In the early 20th century, most nationalist groups were local. The first to unite educated elites across British West Africa was the National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA).
Step 3: Examine the options
- A. Aborigines Right Protection Society (ARPS): Founded in 1897 in the Gold Coast to protest land alienation. It was local, not inter-territorial, and it predates the 1920s.
- B. West African Youth League: Founded in 1934 by I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson in the Gold Coast and later active in Sierra Leone. It came in the 1930s, not the 1920s.
- C. National Congress of British West Africa: Founded in 1920 in Accra by J.E. Casely Hayford of the Gold Coast. It had delegates from the Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and The Gambia. It demanded elected representation in the legislative councils, and it was the first movement to unite the British colonies in this way.
- D. West African Students Union (WASU): Founded in London in 1925 by Ladipo Solanke. It was a student organization abroad, and it was not the first such inter-territorial political movement.
Step 4: Answer
Tip: Remember the key words "1920, Casely Hayford, Accra, four British colonies" for NCBWA. Also, "ARPS = land (1897)", "WASU = students in London (1925)", and "WAYL = 1930s, Wallace-Johnson."
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- 2.
Representative governments around the world pay attention to public opinion because of the following factors except
- A.protection of the government from media scrutiny
- B.indication of government in good standing with the people
- C.provision of feedback on implementation of government policies
- D.national security concerns
Show answer
Answer: A. protection of the government from media scrutiny
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We need the option that is NOT a reason why representative governments pay attention to public opinion. This is an "except" question.
Concept: Public opinion is the collective views of citizens on government and public issues. Representative (democratic) governments monitor it because it:
- Shows whether the government is popular and legitimate
- Gives feedback on how policies are working
- Helps leaders make decisions that reflect the people's wishes
- Helps governments detect unrest or threats early, which relates to national stability and security
Step-by-step check of each option:
- A. Protection of the government from media scrutiny: Public opinion does not shield a government from the media. Media scrutiny is part of democratic accountability, and the media often help to shape public opinion. A representative government does not listen to the public in order to avoid scrutiny. This is not a valid reason.
- B. Indication of government in good standing with the people: Valid. Public opinion works like a "popularity gauge" and shows whether the government is accepted.
- C. Provision of feedback on implementation of government policies: Valid. Citizens' reactions tell the government whether policies are working.
- D. National security concerns: Broadly valid. Public mood can signal unrest, discontent, or threats to peace and stability, so governments watch it for security reasons.
Exam tip: In "except" questions, test each option against the concept and eliminate the true statements. The one left over, which is often the "odd one out," is your answer. Here, A is the odd one out because a representative government wants accountability and feedback, not protection from scrutiny.
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- 3.
A country's constitution may be derived from which one of the following sources?
- A.Educated elites
- B.Civil society organisations
- C.civil disobedience
- D.Customs and conventions
Show answer
Answer: D. Customs and conventions
AI explanation
1. Analyze the question The question asks about the sources of a constitution, meaning where its content and authority come from.
2. Explain the concept A constitution is the body of fundamental rules by which a country is governed. Its main sources include:
- Customs and conventions: unwritten practices and traditions accepted over time (the British constitution relies heavily on these)
- Statutes and legislation: laws passed by the legislature
- Judicial decisions: court rulings that interpret the law (case law)
- Written documents and treaties: charters, agreements, and earlier constitutions
- Constituent assembly or conference decisions: for example, Nigeria's constitutional conferences
- Religious laws: where applicable
3. Work through the options
- A. Educated elites: These are people or a social class. They may take part in drafting a constitution, but they are not a source of it.
- B. Civil society organisations: These groups may influence or lobby for constitutional change. They are not a formal source.
- C. Civil disobedience: This is a form of protest, not a source of a constitution.
- D. Customs and conventions: These are recognised sources. Accepted traditions and practices become part of a country's constitutional arrangements. ✔
4. Answer The correct option is D. Customs and conventions.
5. Tip For "sources of a constitution", think of C-S-J-C: Customs and conventions, Statutes, Judicial decisions, Constitutional conferences/documents. Options that name people or groups (elites, CSOs) or actions (protest) are usually distractors, because a source is a body of rules or practices, not a person or an activity.
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- 4.
In which political system does the government control every aspect of a citizen's life?
- A.communism
- B.Dictatorship
- C.Totalitarianism
- D.Aristocracy
Show answer
Answer: C. Totalitarianism
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which political system has a government that controls every aspect of a citizen's life, including political, economic, social, cultural, and even private life.
Step 2: Explain the concept The key phrase is "every aspect" of life. The word for this is totalitarianism. In a totalitarian state, the government is "total": it leaves no space for private life, independent institutions, or opposition. It uses tools such as propaganda, secret police, censorship, and a single ruling party. Examples often cited include Nazi Germany under Hitler, the Soviet Union under Stalin, and Fascist Italy under Mussolini.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Communism is an economic and political ideology based on public ownership of the means of production. It mainly concerns economic organization. Some communist states became totalitarian, but communism itself is not defined by total control of all life.
- B. Dictatorship is rule by one person or a small group with unlimited power. A dictator may control politics but not necessarily every aspect of private and social life. It describes who holds power, not how far that control extends.
- C. Totalitarianism is a system in which the state seeks to control all aspects of public and private life. This matches the question exactly.
- D. Aristocracy is rule by a privileged noble class or the "best" people. It has nothing to do with total control over citizens' lives.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. Totalitarianism.
Step 5: Exam tip Link the word "total" in totalitarianism with "total control". When you see "every aspect" or "all spheres of life" in a Government question, think totalitarianism. Remember that dictatorship is about who rules (one person), while totalitarianism is about how much the state controls (everything).
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- 5.
One negative effect of colonialism on the people of West Africa over the years is the
- A.introduction of modern idea of governance
- B.creation of large political units
- C.change of the socio-political systems of living
- D.development of political institutions
Show answer
Answer: C. change of the socio-political systems of living
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a negative effect of colonialism on West Africans. So we must eliminate options that describe positive or neutral outcomes.
Step 2: Concept Colonialism brought some benefits, such as Western education, modern administration, roads, and health services. It also did harm, including the disruption of indigenous institutions, exploitation of resources, artificial boundaries, and the weakening of traditional authority and culture.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Introduction of modern idea of governance: This is generally counted as a positive legacy (e.g., civil service, constitutions, party politics).
- B. Creation of large political units: Colonial amalgamation produced larger states (e.g., Nigeria in 1914). This is usually cited as a positive effect because it promoted unity and bigger markets. (Some argue it forced unlike groups together, but the standard WASSCE view treats it as an advantage.)
- C. Change of the socio-political systems of living: Colonial rule undermined traditional rulers, replaced indigenous political structures with foreign ones (indirect rule, warrant chiefs), and altered the way of life, including culture, religion, and social organisation. This is the negative effect, because it eroded the people's original systems and identity.
- D. Development of political institutions: This is a positive effect, as legislative councils, courts, and electoral systems were established.
Step 4: Answer
Tip: In "negative effect" questions, look for words like change, disruption, destruction, loss, exploitation. Options with words like introduction, creation, development usually signal positive effects.
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- 6.
Which of the following options does not constitute the main objectives of the United Nations?
- A.The maintenance of international peace and security
- B.The promotion of the well-being of the peoples of the world
- C.International cooperation
- D.The use of force to comply with its provisions
Show answer
Answer: D. The use of force to comply with its provisions
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We are asked which option is NOT a main objective of the United Nations. So we look for the option that goes against the UN's purposes.
Step 2: Recall the concept The UN Charter (1945), Article 1, lists the main purposes of the UN:
- To maintain international peace and security.
- To develop friendly relations among nations, based on respect for equal rights and self-determination of peoples.
- To achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems, and in promoting respect for human rights.
- To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
The UN works to promote the well-being of the world's peoples (better standards of living, health, development, and so on).
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Maintenance of international peace and security. This is the primary objective of the UN, so it is an objective.
- B. Promotion of the well-being of the peoples of the world. This is an objective, pursued through agencies like UNESCO, WHO and UNICEF.
- C. International cooperation. This is an objective, as stated in Article 1.
- D. The use of force to comply with its provisions. This is not an objective. The UN Charter generally prohibits the threat or use of force (Article 2(4)). Force is permitted only as a last resort, such as enforcement action authorized by the Security Council under Chapter VII, or in self-defence. It is a means used in exceptional cases, not a main objective, and the UN aims to settle disputes peacefully.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D.
Exam tip: In "which is NOT" questions on UN objectives, look for words like "force," "war," or "domination." The UN's goals revolve around peace, cooperation, human rights and development.
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- 7.
A quasi-federal structure is so arranged in order for the
- A.A. centre to coordinate national level programmes
- B.A. citizens to have dual allegiance and dual citizenship
- C.B. component units to breakaway at will
- D.D. president to amend the constitution at will
Show answer
Answer: D. D. president to amend the constitution at will
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- 8.
Which of the following options is not a function of political parties?
- A.Policy implementation
- B.Political socialisation
- C.Political education
- D.Aggregation of interest
Show answer
Answer: A. Policy implementation
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We need the option that is NOT a function of political parties.
Step 2: Key concept Political parties in a democracy typically:
- Educate and mobilise citizens (political education)
- Socialise people into the political culture (political socialisation)
- Aggregate and articulate the interests of different groups (aggregation of interest)
- Contest elections, present candidates, and form government or act as opposition
- Formulate and propose policies (manifestos)
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Policy implementation: Implementing policy is the job of the executive arm and the civil service/bureaucracy, not the party as an organisation. A party formulates policy proposals and may form the government, but the actual implementation is carried out by government institutions and ministries. This is not a function of political parties.
- B. Political socialisation: Parties teach people political values and norms, so it is a party function.
- C. Political education: Parties enlighten citizens on their rights, duties and public issues, so it is a party function.
- D. Aggregation of interest: Parties gather the various demands of groups into broad programmes, so it is a party function.
Step 4: Answer The option that is not a function of political parties is A. Policy implementation.
Tip: Remember the separation of roles: parties formulate and propose, government implements. In WASSCE Government, if you see "implementation," "execution of laws," or "interpretation of laws," think of the executive, civil service, or judiciary, not parties.
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- 9.
A coalition government is a common feature of a
- A.two party systems
- B.multi-party system
- C.one party system
- D.non-party system
Show answer
Answer: B. multi-party system
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which party system commonly produces a coalition government.
Step 2: Explain the concept A coalition government is formed when two or more political parties join together to govern. This usually happens when no single party wins a clear majority of seats in the legislature.
Step 3: Examine each option
- A. Two-party system: Two dominant parties usually compete (e.g., the USA, the UK historically). One of them normally wins an outright majority, so coalitions are rare.
- B. Multi-party system: Many parties compete and share seats. Often none of them gets a majority, so they must form alliances to govern (e.g., Israel, Netherlands, and Nigeria's First Republic, when the NPC and NCNC formed a coalition). Coalitions are common here.
- C. One-party system: Only one party is allowed, so there is nobody to form a coalition with.
- D. Non-party system: There are no parties at all, so a coalition of parties is impossible.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. multi-party system.
Tip: Link the keywords: coalition = combining parties = needs many parties = multi-party system. If no party wins a majority, think "coalition."
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- 10.
Militant nationalism in British West Africa after World War II sought to
- A.kill British nationals
- B.overthrow colonialism
- C.stop the export of raw materials
- D.stop the denigration of the African culture.
Show answer
Answer: B. overthrow colonialism
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the aim of militant nationalism in British West Africa after World War II (the post-1945 period). Examples include Kwame Nkrumah's Convention People's Party (CPP) in the Gold Coast with its "Positive Action" campaign, and the more radical NCNC under Nnamdi Azikiwe in Nigeria.
Step 2: Explain the concept Nationalism in West Africa went through two broad phases:
- Early (moderate) nationalism, before WWII: educated elites such as the NCBWA and Herbert Macaulay's NNDP used petitions and constitutional methods. They asked for reforms, more African representation, and an end to discrimination, but did not demand the end of colonial rule.
- Militant (radical) nationalism, after WWII: younger leaders backed by the masses, ex-servicemen, trade unions, and youth movements used strikes, boycotts, demonstrations, and civil disobedience. They demanded self-government and independence now, meaning an end to colonial rule.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Kill British nationals: Incorrect. The movements were largely non-violent, and killing people was not their goal.
- B. Overthrow colonialism: Correct. The aim was to end colonial rule and win political independence, using more forceful, mass-based methods.
- C. Stop the export of raw materials: Incorrect. They protested unfair trade and exploitation, but stopping exports was not the central aim.
- D. Stop the denigration of African culture: Incorrect. This was more a concern of early cultural nationalism than of post-war militant nationalism.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. overthrow colonialism.
Exam tip: Remember the contrast: early nationalists asked for reform; militant nationalists demanded independence. If you see "militant," "radical," or "post-1945," think self-government and the end of colonial rule.
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- 11.
In an election, a secret ballot is described as the process where the voter
- A.is screened off to conceal the vote
- B.cast the vote in a sealed box
- C.in assisted to cast the vote
- D.is searched before casting the vote
Show answer
Answer: A. is screened off to conceal the vote
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- 12.
Proto-nationalism was a movement limited to the demands for
- A.immediate end to colonialism
- B.reforms of the political class and respect for African religion
- C.western education
- D.social amenities and political participation
Show answer
Answer: D. social amenities and political participation
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- 13.
Which political system allows only one ideology for the state?
- A.socialism
- B.aristocracy
- C.communalism
- D.capitalism
Show answer
Answer: A. socialism
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which system permits only ONE ideology for the state. This points to a system where the state imposes a single guiding doctrine and discourages or bans competing ideas.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Socialism: The state (or community) owns and controls the major means of production. In its practical forms, especially in one-party socialist states such as the former USSR, China, and Cuba, a single official ideology (Marxism-Leninism) guides the state and no rival ideologies are tolerated.
- Aristocracy: Rule by a privileged noble class or "the best." It is about who rules, not about a single state ideology.
- Communalism: A system of communal living and shared ownership in traditional societies. It is a social arrangement and does not impose one state ideology.
- Capitalism: Private ownership of production and free-market competition. It supports pluralism and a variety of ideas, so it does not restrict the state to one ideology.
Step 3: Eliminate options
- B is about a ruling class, not an ideology, so it is out.
- C is a traditional way of life, so it is out.
- D encourages freedom of choice and multiple ideas, so it is out.
- A is the system that in practice is tied to a single official state ideology.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. socialism.
Note: The question is somewhat loosely worded. Strictly speaking, socialism is an economic and political ideology, and one-party rule is what enforces a single ideology. Among the options given, though, socialism is clearly the best fit.
Exam tip: When you see "only one ideology" or "one-party state," think of socialism, communism, or totalitarian systems. When you see "free market" or "private ownership," think capitalism.
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- 14.
One of the importance of voting in a democracy is that, it
- A.is less expensive
- B.ensures development for all voters
- C.commits citizens to the political system
- D.ensures winner takes all policy.
Show answer
Answer: C. commits citizens to the political system
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- 15.
The Council of Elders in the pre-colonial political institutions of West Africa best served on the Council as
- A.warriors of the state
- B.go-between the gods and the people
- C.custodians of the wealth of the state
- D.representative of the commoners
Show answer
Answer: D. representative of the commoners
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks about the role of the Council of Elders in pre-colonial West African political systems (e.g., Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa-Fulani, Akan). What did the elders best serve as on the Council?
Concept: In pre-colonial West African states, the king, chief, or Oba did not rule alone. The Council of Elders (such as the Oyo Mesi in Oyo, or the lineage and village heads among the Igbo and Akan) was made up of heads of families, lineages, quarters, and clans. They were chosen because each one spoke for the people of his own family or community. Their main functions were:
- Advising the ruler
- Checking abuse of power
- Helping make laws and settle disputes
- Voicing the opinions and interests of their people in government
Step-by-step evaluation of the options:
- A. Warriors of the state: Defence was the job of the army and war leaders (e.g., the Are-Ona-Kakanfo in Oyo), not the Council of Elders as such. Wrong.
- B. Go-between the gods and the people: This was the role of priests and the diviners (e.g., the Ifa priests), or of the king as a sacred figure. Wrong.
- C. Custodians of the wealth of the state: Treasury and tribute were handled by specific officials, not the Council as a body. Wrong.
- D. Representative of the commoners: Elders were heads of lineages and communities, so they brought the views, complaints, and interests of ordinary people to the ruler. This fits the Council's function. Correct.
Exam tip: Link "Council of Elders" with the words advise, check the king, and represent the people. Link "priests" with the gods, "army" with warriors, and "treasury officials" with wealth. WASSCE often tests this by swapping roles between institutions, so match each role to the right group.
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- 16.
The concept of social justice implies that the state must ensure
- A.sharing of political power with opponents
- B.security for multi- national businesses
- C.equality of citizens
- D.fairmess to foreign nationals
Show answer
Answer: C. equality of citizens
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what social justice requires the state to ensure. Social justice is about fairness in how a society treats its own members.
Step 2: Explain the concept Social justice means fair and equitable distribution of opportunities, rights, privileges, and resources among all citizens, regardless of background, such as ethnicity, religion, gender, or social status. It is closely tied to equality before the law, equal access to education, healthcare, and employment, and protection of the vulnerable.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Sharing of political power with opponents. This relates to power-sharing or political inclusiveness, not the core meaning of social justice.
- B. Security for multinational businesses. This concerns economic or investment policy, not fairness among citizens.
- C. Equality of citizens. This matches the definition. Social justice is about treating citizens fairly and equally and giving everyone a fair chance in society.
- D. Fairness to foreign nationals. Foreigners may be treated fairly, but social justice mainly concerns the state's relationship with its own citizens.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. equality of citizens.
Tip: When you see "social justice," think fairness + equality + equal opportunity for citizens. Options about businesses, foreigners, or political opponents are usually distractors.
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- 17.
Press control is necessary for a state, particularly in the area of
- A.the economy
- B.auditor general's report
- C.state security and secrets
- D.foreign trade
Show answer
Answer: C. state security and secrets
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks where the government has a legitimate reason to place limits (control) on the press. In Government, press freedom is not absolute. Restrictions are justified when unrestricted publication would harm the whole nation.
Concept: Press control means regulating what the media can publish. Justified areas include:
- National security and state secrets (e.g., defence plans, military strategies, intelligence information)
- Defamation and false information that damage reputations
- Public morality and obscene materials
- Incitement to violence or ethnic and religious hatred
Nigeria's Official Secrets Act and the constitutional limits on freedom of expression (Section 45 of the 1999 Constitution) permit restrictions in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, and morality.
Solution by elimination:
- A. The economy: The press should freely report and analyse economic matters. This helps to hold the government accountable, so control is not necessary here.
- B. Auditor-General's report: This is a public document. The press should publish it to promote transparency and accountability, so it should not be controlled.
- C. State security and secrets: Publishing sensitive defence and security information could endanger lives and national safety. This is the area where control is justified.
- D. Foreign trade: Trade information is generally public and is reported openly, so there is no special need for control.
Answer: The correct option is C. state security and secrets.
Tip: In WASSCE Government questions on press freedom, remember that limits are usually tied to national security, public order, morality, and defamation. If an option mentions "security" or "secrets", it is usually the best choice. Topics about transparency, such as audit reports, are things the press should be free to report.
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- 18.
A one-party system imposed by law with all other parties proscribed is
- A.a social party system
- B.a de jure one party system
- C.a communist political system
- D.an elitist party system
Show answer
Answer: B. a de jure one party system
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term for a one-party system that is imposed by law, where all other parties are banned (proscribed).
Step 2: Explain the concept There are two ways a one-party system can come about:
- De jure one-party system: "De jure" means "by law." The constitution or a statute formally makes only one party legal and bans all others. Examples include Ghana under Nkrumah after 1964, and Tanzania and Zambia in their one-party eras.
- De facto one-party system: "De facto" means "in fact." The law allows other parties, but one party is so dominant that the others have no real chance of winning power.
Step 3: Apply to the options
- A. Social party system: not a standard classification.
- B. De jure one-party system: matches. The one-party rule is established by law, and the other parties are legally prohibited.
- C. Communist political system: this describes an ideology and system of government. Communist states are often one-party, but the term does not specifically mean one-party rule imposed by law.
- D. Elitist party system: this refers to a party run by a small elite group, not to legal prohibition of other parties.
Step 4: Answer The key words "imposed by law" and "proscribed" point to de jure.
Exam tip: Remember "de jure = by law" and "de facto = in fact/in practice." When a question mentions legal imposition or a ban, think de jure. When it describes one party dominating in practice while others still exist legally, think de facto.
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- 19.
Information dissemination and communication in a political environment had been made faster and easier with the advent of
- A.educated practitioners
- B.press censorship
- C.government spokemen
- D.social media
Show answer
Answer: D. social media
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what has made information dissemination (spreading information) and communication in politics faster and easier. The key phrase is "advent of," meaning the arrival of something new.
Step 2: Explain the concept Political communication is how politicians, governments, and citizens share ideas, policies, and opinions. Over time, technology has changed how quickly this happens: from town criers and newspapers, to radio and television, and now to the internet.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Educated practitioners: Education improves the quality of communication, but it is not a new "advent" that makes communication faster.
- B. Press censorship: Censorship restricts and slows the flow of information, so it does the opposite.
- C. Government spokesmen: They have existed for a long time and only relay official positions. They do not make communication faster or easier by themselves.
- D. Social media: Platforms like Facebook, X (Twitter), WhatsApp, and Instagram let politicians, parties, and citizens share information instantly with large audiences. Examples include campaign messages, election updates, and the #EndSARS mobilisation in Nigeria.
Step 4: Answer Only social media is a modern development that fits "advent" and makes political communication both faster and easier.
Tip: In questions with the phrase "advent of" plus "faster and easier," look for the technological option. Also, eliminate options that mean restriction (like censorship) since they work against free flow of information.
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- 20.
The essence of the concept of devolution is to cater for the interests of the
- A.ruling governement
- B.majority
- C.minority
- D.rule of law
Show answer
Answer: C. minority
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- 21.
A pressure group which resorts to violence as a means of pressing home its demands is described as
- A.anomic
- B.associational
- C.labour
- D.attitudinal
Show answer
Answer: A. anomic
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which type of pressure group uses violence to press its demands.
Step 2: Explain the concept Pressure groups are classified by structure and methods:
- Anomic pressure groups: These are spontaneous, unorganized groups that act outside normal channels. They often use violence, riots, demonstrations, or assassinations. Examples include rioting mobs and militant youth groups.
- Associational pressure groups: These are formally organized groups with defined membership and procedures, such as the Nigerian Bar Association, the Nigerian Medical Association, and trade unions. They usually use lawful means like petitions, lobbying, and negotiation.
- Labour groups: These are a type of associational group (e.g., NLC, ASUU) that represent workers. They use strikes and negotiation, not necessarily violence.
- Attitudinal groups: These focus on promoting a cause or changing attitudes, such as environmental or human rights groups. They are not defined by violence.
Step 3: Apply to the question The key phrase is "resorts to violence." The type of pressure group defined by spontaneous, often violent, extra-constitutional action is the anomic group. The other options are generally peaceful and organized.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. anomic.
Tip: Think "anomic = anarchic". The word "anomie" means a breakdown of order, so anomic groups are the ones that disrupt order through violence. Associational = Organized and lawful.
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- 22.
The passing of laws by an arm of government to regulate society is the function of the
- A.judiciary
- B.executive
- C.legislature
- D.police
Show answer
Answer: C. legislature
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- 23.
Local Government authorities may not receive cooperation from the local people due to the issue of
- A.top bottom approach to development
- B.accessibility to internet facilities
- C.lack of support for the ruling governemnt
- D.non availability of spiritual centres
Show answer
Answer: A. top bottom approach to development
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks why local government authorities may fail to get cooperation from the people in their communities. We need the factor that causes a disconnect between the authority and the locals.
Step 2: Explain the concept Local government is meant to bring governance closer to the grassroots. Development works best when it is bottom-up, meaning the people take part in identifying their needs, planning projects, and carrying them out. When authorities instead use a top-bottom approach, they impose projects and decisions from above without consulting the community. People then feel no ownership of the projects, and they resist or ignore them.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Top-bottom approach to development: Decisions are imposed without consulting residents, so they feel excluded and withhold cooperation. This is a well-known cause of poor cooperation. ✔
- B. Accessibility to internet facilities: Internet access does not cause people to refuse cooperation. It could even improve communication.
- C. Lack of support for the ruling government: This sounds plausible, but local government cooperation is usually about how the authority engages the people, not about party loyalty. It is also not the standard textbook answer.
- D. Non-availability of spiritual centres: This has no link to local government administration.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A, top-bottom approach to development.
Tip: In Government questions on local administration, remember that participation brings cooperation. If the people are left out of decisions (top-down), expect resistance. If they are involved (bottom-up), expect support.
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- 24.
In a representative government, citizens exercise their political power
- A.directly
- B.indirectly
- C.in reverence for the political system
- D.under undue political pressure
Show answer
Answer: B. indirectly
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how citizens exercise political power in a representative government. The key word is "representative."
Step 2: Explain the concept There are two broad forms of democracy:
- Direct democracy: citizens personally take part in making decisions and laws. Examples are the ancient Greek city-state of Athens and the Swiss referendum system.
- Representative (indirect) democracy: citizens elect people to make laws and decisions on their behalf. Nigeria is an example, where we elect the President, Governors, Senators, House of Representatives members and others.
Step 3: Work through the options
- A. Directly: This describes direct democracy, not representative government. Wrong.
- B. Indirectly: Citizens do not make the decisions themselves. They vote for representatives who act for them. This fits.
- C. In reverence for the political system: This is not a defining feature of representative government. Wrong.
- D. Under undue political pressure: This describes oppression or coercion, not representation. Wrong.
Step 4: Answer Citizens exercise their power indirectly, through the representatives they elect.
Exam tip: Match the keyword to its pair:
- Direct democracy → people rule directly
- Representative democracy → people rule indirectly through elected officials
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- 25.
The Economic Community of West African States was established with the following aims except to
- A.use force to depose unconstitutional regimes
- B.improve the living standard of its people
- C.contribute to the progress and development of the African continent
- D.foster relations among membe states
Show answer
Answer: A. use force to depose unconstitutional regimes
AI explanation
Analyze the question: This is an "EXCEPT" question. Three options are genuine aims of ECOWAS, and we must find the one that is not an original aim.
Concept: ECOWAS was founded on 28 May 1975 by the Treaty of Lagos. Its main aims were:
- Promote economic integration and cooperation among member states (trade, industry, transport, energy, agriculture, etc.)
- Raise the living standards of the people of the region
- Maintain and enhance economic stability
- Foster good relations among member states
- Contribute to the progress and development of the African continent
Checking each option:
- A. Use force to depose unconstitutional regimes: This was not a founding aim. The 1975 treaty was economic in focus. Military intervention came later through ECOMOG (1990) and the 1999 Protocol on conflict management. Even then, the purpose was peacekeeping and conflict resolution, not an original aim of "deposing regimes by force." So this is the exception.
- B. Improve the living standard of its people: This is a stated aim.
- C. Contribute to the progress and development of the African continent: This is a stated aim.
- D. Foster relations among member states: This is a stated aim.
Exam tip: In "except" questions on ECOWAS, the aims that are economic, developmental, or about cooperation are usually true. Be suspicious of options involving force, military action, or political interference. They are not original founding aims.
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- 26.
An electoral system in which the electorate elects a small group of people who in turn elects political office holders is known as
- A.general election
- B.second ballot system
- C.Electoral college
- D.local election
Show answer
Answer: C. Electoral college
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- 27.
Public corporations are struggling in the West African States as a result of
- A.heavy social and political cost
- B.private-public partnership
- C.public scrutiny and accountability
- D.direct foreign investment
Show answer
Answer: A. heavy social and political cost
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks why public corporations (state-owned enterprises such as NEPA/PHCN, Nigerian Railway Corporation, Ghana Airways) struggle in West African states. We need the factor that is a cause of their poor performance.
Concept: Public corporations are government-owned bodies set up to provide essential services. In West Africa, common problems include:
- Political interference in management and appointments
- Overstaffing and employment of people for political reasons
- Pressure to provide services at subsidized or uneconomic prices for social reasons
- Corruption and mismanagement
- Inadequate funding
These are the "social and political costs" the corporations carry: they are expected to meet social goals (jobs, cheap services) and political goals (rewarding loyalists, serving political interests) instead of operating efficiently and profitably.
Evaluating the options:
- A. Heavy social and political cost: This fits. The corporations are burdened by political interference, patronage, and social obligations that drain resources and hurt efficiency.
- B. Private-public partnership: This is usually a remedy (e.g., concessions, privatization reforms) to improve performance, not a cause of struggle.
- C. Public scrutiny and accountability: These promote efficiency and are positives. Their lack causes problems, not their presence.
- D. Direct foreign investment: This brings capital and expertise, so it generally helps rather than harms.
Answer: A. Heavy social and political cost.
Tip: In Government questions about why public enterprises fail, think "political interference, corruption, mismanagement, overstaffing, and social obligations." Options that sound like solutions (partnerships, investment, accountability) are usually wrong when the question asks for a cause of failure.
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- 28.
The appointment of judges is based on the recommendation of the
- A.Civil Service Commission
- B.Public Service Commission
- C.Eminent persons in society
- D.Judicial Service Commission
Show answer
Answer: D. Judicial Service Commission
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which body recommends people for appointment as judges. This is about the machinery for appointing judges in the judiciary.
Step 2: The concept In Nigeria, the judiciary is meant to be independent of the executive and the legislature. To protect this independence, judges are not chosen by politicians alone. A specialized body for the judiciary advises on who should be appointed. This body is the Judicial Service Commission, and in Nigeria there is the National Judicial Council (NJC) at the federal level, which works with state Judicial Service Commissions.
Step 3: Work through the options
- A. Civil Service Commission: This handles recruitment, promotion and discipline of civil servants in ministries. It has no role in appointing judges.
- B. Public Service Commission: This deals with the wider public service, not judicial officers.
- C. Eminent persons in society: There is no formal constitutional role for "eminent persons" in recommending judges.
- D. Judicial Service Commission: This body recommends persons for appointment as judges, and it also helps with their discipline. It is the correct choice.
Step 4: Answer Judges are appointed by the Chief Executive (the President or Governor, depending on the court) on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission (or the National Judicial Council), and in some cases with confirmation by the Senate or State House of Assembly.
Tip: Match the commission to the arm of government. Judicial Service Commission goes with judges, Civil Service Commission goes with civil servants, Police Service Commission goes with the police. The name tells you the job.
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- 29.
Delegated legislation can be controlled by
- A.report writing
- B.press conferences
- C.parliamentary question time
- D.threat of secession
Show answer
Answer: C. parliamentary question time
AI explanation
Analyze the question Delegated legislation (also called subordinate legislation) means laws made by bodies or persons such as ministers, government agencies, or local councils, to whom the legislature has given law-making power. The question asks how this power can be controlled.
Explain the concept The legislature (parliament or National Assembly) delegates law-making power, but it must still supervise how that power is used. Common controls include:
- Parliamentary supervision. Laws must be laid before the legislature, and members can question ministers, debate the laws, or annul them.
- Judicial review. Courts can declare a delegated law invalid if it goes beyond the powers given (ultra vires).
- Committees. Special legislative committees scrutinize delegated laws.
- Parent Act limits. The enabling law sets the boundaries of the power.
Step-by-step solution
- A. Report writing: This is not a recognized legal or constitutional control mechanism.
- B. Press conferences: These are used to pass information to the public. They do not control law-making.
- C. Parliamentary question time: Legislators question ministers about their actions, including the rules and regulations made under delegated powers. This holds the executive accountable, so it is a valid control.
- D. Threat of secession: This is a political threat, not a constitutional or legal control.
Answer: Option C, parliamentary question time. It allows the legislature to scrutinize and challenge the use of delegated powers.
Exam tip: For delegated legislation controls, remember "P-J-C": Parliamentary supervision (including question time), Judicial review, and Committee scrutiny. Any option that matches one of these is usually correct.
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- 30.
One major problem associated with the cabinet system of government is the
- A.abuse of power
- B.frequent change of government
- C.large number of ministers
- D.supremacy of the executive
Show answer
Answer: B. frequent change of government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a major problem (a disadvantage) of the cabinet system of government. The cabinet system is the parliamentary system, where the executive (Prime Minister and ministers) is drawn from the legislature and is collectively responsible to it.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a cabinet system:
- The Prime Minister and ministers are members of parliament.
- The cabinet is collectively responsible to the legislature.
- The government stays in power only as long as it keeps the confidence of the majority in parliament.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Abuse of power: This is more typical of systems with a concentration of power, such as presidential or military systems. It is not the defining problem of the cabinet system, since the legislature can check the cabinet.
- B. Frequent change of government: The government depends on parliamentary support. A vote of no confidence, loss of a majority, a broken coalition or a dissolution of parliament can bring down the government. This leads to political instability, as seen in the French Fourth Republic and in Italy. This is a recognized weakness of the system.
- C. Large number of ministers: Ministers in the cabinet system are drawn from parliament and the cabinet is usually small. A large ministerial team is more commonly linked to the presidential system, as in Nigeria's constitutional requirement of at least one minister from each state.
- D. Supremacy of the executive: In a cabinet system, the executive is accountable to the legislature, so this is not a defining problem. It is more of a presidential-system concern.
Step 4: Answer The major problem is that the government can easily collapse and be replaced, which makes for frequent change of government.
Tip: Link the cabinet (parliamentary) system with "instability" through votes of no confidence. Link the presidential system with "separation of powers, rigidity and a large, costly cabinet." In exams, ask yourself, "What can bring this government down?" For a cabinet system, the answer is a loss of parliamentary confidence.
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- 31.
Which summit drew the road map for the implementation of the African Union?
- A.Sirte Summit
- B.Lusaka Summit
- C.Lome Summit
- D.Lagos summit
Show answer
Answer: B. Lusaka Summit
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- 32.
The determination and execution of government policies is the core function of
- A.Public Complain Commission
- B.Public Service Commission
- C.Civil Service
- D.Judicial Service
Show answer
Answer: C. Civil Service
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which body's core function is to determine and execute (carry out) government policies. The key words are "execute government policies."
Step 2: Concept In Nigeria's system of government, there are three arms (legislature, executive, judiciary), and the bureaucracy is the permanent machinery that supports the executive arm.
- Civil Service: The body of permanent, paid, non-political government workers (ministries, departments, and agencies). They advise ministers on policy and implement the policies the government decides on. They are the "engine room" of government.
- Public Complaints Commission: An ombudsman. It investigates citizens' complaints against government agencies and officials about injustice or maladministration.
- Public Service Commission: It handles the appointment, promotion, discipline, and dismissal of public servants. It manages personnel and does not execute policy.
- Judicial Service: It deals with the appointment, discipline, and welfare of judicial officers (judges, magistrates), not policy execution.
Step 3: Eliminate options
- A is wrong because it handles complaints.
- B is wrong because it handles staff matters (hiring and firing).
- D is wrong because it relates to the judiciary.
- C fits: the civil service helps formulate policy by advising political office holders, and it carries out those policies.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. Civil Service.
Tip: Link the keywords "execute/implement policy" with the Civil Service. Link "complaints" with the Ombudsman (Public Complaints Commission), and "appointment, promotion, discipline" with a Service Commission.
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- 33.
A country's foreign policy is foremost driven by
- A.economy
- B.location
- C.natural resources
- D.national interest
Show answer
Answer: D. national interest
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what mainly drives (motivates) a country's foreign policy. The key word is "foremost", meaning the primary or number one factor.
Step 2: Explain the concept Foreign policy is the set of strategies and decisions a country adopts in dealing with other countries and international organisations. Every state, whether Nigeria, the USA or China, designs its foreign policy to achieve its national interest. National interest includes:
- Security and territorial integrity
- Economic prosperity
- Protection of citizens at home and abroad
- Promotion of the country's values and international prestige
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Economy: The economy is an important part of national interest, but it is only one component. It is not the overarching driver.
- B. Location: Geography can influence foreign policy (for example, Nigeria's relations with its neighbours), but it is a factor, not the main driver.
- C. Natural resources: Resources can shape a country's priorities, but they are also just one element.
- D. National interest: This is the overarching goal behind every foreign policy decision. Economy, security, location and resources are all pursued or considered in service of the national interest.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. national interest.
Tip: In Government, whenever you see "foremost", "main objective" or "primary determinant" of foreign policy, think national interest. Other items like economy, geography and resources are factors that influence policy, while national interest is the goal that drives it.
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- 34.
The basic human right of citizens in a state are
- A.freedom of movement, free education and free health
- B.free social services, speech and religion
- C.right to life, liberty and property
- D.Right to higher education, property and freedom of thought
Show answer
Answer: C. right to life, liberty and property
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks for the basic (fundamental) human rights of citizens in a state. These are the core rights that every person has simply by being human, and all other rights build on them.
Explain the concept: Basic or natural human rights come from the natural rights theory of John Locke. Locke argued that every person is born with three natural rights:
- Life: the right to live and not be killed arbitrarily
- Liberty: the right to freedom, including freedom from unlawful detention
- Property: the right to own and protect what one has legitimately acquired
In Nigeria, Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution protects these fundamental rights. They include the right to life (Section 33), personal liberty (Section 35), and the right to own property (Section 43 and Section 44).
Evaluate the options:
- A. Freedom of movement, free education and free health: Free education and free health are social and economic benefits that the government provides. They are not basic rights. ✗
- B. Free social services, speech and religion: "Free social services" is a government welfare provision, not a basic right. ✗
- C. Right to life, liberty and property: These match the classic natural rights. ✓
- D. Right to higher education, property and freedom of thought: Higher education is a privilege or social provision, not a basic right. ✗
Answer: The correct option is C.
Exam tip: Remember Locke's trio as "LLP": Life, Liberty, Property. If an option contains "free" services such as free education or free health, it is usually describing government welfare, not a basic human right.
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- 35.
The Atlantic Charter gave birth to the
- A.Commonwealth of Nations
- B.Allied powers
- C.United Nations
- D.North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Show answer
Answer: C. United Nations
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which organisation or body came out of the Atlantic Charter.
Step 2: Explain the concept The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration issued in August 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA) and Winston Churchill (Britain). They met on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland during World War II. Its main principles were:
- No territorial expansion by the Allied nations
- Self-determination for all peoples (the right to choose their own government)
- Free trade and economic cooperation
- Freedom of the seas
- Disarmament of aggressor nations
- Peace and security after the war
The Charter was important to Nigerians and other colonised peoples because it inspired nationalist leaders such as Nnamdi Azikiwe and Herbert Macaulay to demand self-determination and independence.
Step 3: Work through the options
- A. Commonwealth of Nations: This evolved from the British Empire through the Statute of Westminster (1931) and later declarations. It is not a product of the Charter.
- B. Allied powers: The Allies already existed and were fighting the war. The Charter did not create them.
- C. United Nations: In January 1942, 26 nations signed the Declaration by United Nations, which endorsed the principles of the Atlantic Charter. This led to the formal creation of the United Nations in 1945. ✔
- D. NATO: This was formed in 1949 as a Cold War military alliance. It was not a direct result of the Charter.
Step 4: Answer The Atlantic Charter gave birth to the United Nations, which is option C.
Tip: Remember "Atlantic Charter → Atlantic crossing of ideas → United Nations (1941 → 1942 → 1945)". When you see "Atlantic Charter" in an exam, think "self-determination" and "United Nations".
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- 36.
Public corporation has a legal personality which means that
- A.no legal suit can be brought against
- B.it can sue and can be sued
- C.it has ultimate power to make its own laws
- D.there is a legal department that represents it
Show answer
Answer: B. it can sue and can be sued
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what it means when a public corporation has a "legal personality."
Step 2: Explain the concept Legal personality (also called a "juristic person" or "corporate personality") means the law treats an organization as a separate entity, distinct from its owners, managers, or members. Because it is treated like a person in law, it can:
- Own property in its own name
- Enter into contracts
- Sue others in court
- Be sued in court
- Continue to exist even if its staff or managers change (perpetual succession)
Nigerian examples include NNPC, the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA), and the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN). Each is created by an Act of the National Assembly or a law of the State Assembly, and each can take legal action or be taken to court in its own name.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. No legal suit can be brought against it: Wrong. This is the opposite of legal personality. A public corporation can be sued.
- B. It can sue and can be sued: Correct. This is the main practical meaning of legal personality.
- C. It has ultimate power to make its own laws: Wrong. Only legislative bodies make laws. A corporation may make internal rules or bye-laws only within the powers its enabling Act gives it, and it has no ultimate lawmaking power.
- D. There is a legal department that represents it: Wrong. Having a legal department is an administrative arrangement. It is not what legal personality means.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B.
Tip: When you see "legal personality" or "juristic person," think "SUE and be SUED". It also means "own property and make contracts." Any option that says a body is immune from suit or can make its own laws is almost certainly a distractor.
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- 37.
Most pressure groups especially in West Africa fail to achieve their goals as a result of
- A.good governance
- B.charisma of the president
- C.transparency of the legislature
- D.corrupt leadership
Show answer
Answer: D. corrupt leadership
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- 38.
The following options are today the biggest threat to the democracy of West African States except
- A.election disputes and related violence
- B.military intervention in politics
- C.youth unemployment
- D.non involvement of traditional rulers in politics.
Show answer
Answer: D. non involvement of traditional rulers in politics.
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The word "except" means three options are major threats to democracy in West Africa, and one is not. We need to find the odd one out.
Concept: Threats to democracy in West Africa are factors that undermine free elections, civilian rule, stability, and public trust in the system.
Evaluate each option:
- A. Election disputes and related violence: This is a major threat. Disputed results, rigging, and violence (as seen in several West African countries) erode trust in democratic processes and can cause instability.
- B. Military intervention in politics: This is a major threat. Recent coups in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Niger directly overthrew civilian governments.
- C. Youth unemployment: This is a major threat. Jobless youths are easily recruited by politicians as thugs, drawn into violence, or pushed toward unrest, which weakens democratic stability.
- D. Non-involvement of traditional rulers in politics: This is not a threat. Democracy is based on elected representatives and rule of law. Traditional rulers are generally meant to stay neutral and serve as custodians of culture and custom, so their absence from partisan politics does not endanger democracy. In fact, involving them in partisan politics could compromise their neutrality.
Exam tip: In "except" questions, test each option by asking, "Does this really harm democracy?" Mark the three that do, and the one left over is your answer. Also, watch the wording: a non-involvement of a group in partisan politics is often neutral or even desirable, not a threat.
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- 39.
The youth movement across British West African territories served as a spring board for the formation of
- A.militant groups to fight and kill British officials
- B.political parties to champion the course of self-rule
- C.committees to represent the people
- D.associations in pursuit of justice for the people
Show answer
Answer: B. political parties to champion the course of self-rule
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what the youth movements in British West Africa (for example, the Nigerian Youth Movement, the Gold Coast Youth Conference, and the Sierra Leone Youth League) led to. In other words, what did they grow into?
Step 2: Explain the concept In the 1920s and 1930s, educated young Africans began forming youth movements to criticize colonial policies and demand a greater say in governance. These groups were mostly nationalist and constitutional in their methods. They did not use violence. They trained a generation of leaders and gave them organizational experience, and this led to full political parties.
Examples:
- Nigerian Youth Movement (1934) produced leaders such as Nnamdi Azikiwe and H.O. Davies. Many of these leaders later helped form the NCNC (1944), and the Action Group (1951) drew on the same pool of educated nationalists.
- Gold Coast Youth Conference (1930) helped lay the foundation for the UGCC (1947) and later Nkrumah's CPP (1949).
- Sierra Leone Youth League and the Gambia Youth Movement were similar nationalist forces.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Militant groups to fight and kill British officials. Wrong. The nationalist movement in British West Africa was largely peaceful and constitutional.
- B. Political parties to champion the cause of self-rule. Correct. Youth movements were the training ground for the political parties that demanded self-government and independence.
- C. Committees to represent the people. Too vague, and it does not capture the main outcome.
- D. Associations in pursuit of justice for the people. This describes earlier groups, such as the early protest associations, more than the outcome of the youth movements. It is also too general.
Step 4: Answer The youth movements were a springboard for political parties that campaigned for self-rule.
Tip: In Government and History questions, when you see "springboard," think of youth movements → political parties → independence. Remember the chain: Youth movement → party → self-rule.
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- 40.
The media helps to enrich discourse on national issues through its
- A.marketing
- B.editorial comments
- C.sales and advertisement
- D.correspondents
Show answer
Answer: B. editorial comments
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- 41.
Multi-party system is saddled with the problem of
- A.divisiveness
- B.limited choice
- C.weak opposition
- D.political consciousness
Show answer
Answer: A. divisiveness
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about a problem (disadvantage) associated with a multi-party system, which is a system where many political parties compete for power.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a multi-party system, there are three or more parties with a realistic chance of winning seats or forming governments. Here are the main features:
Advantages:
- Wider choice for voters
- Strong, active opposition
- Greater political awareness and consciousness
- Representation of diverse interests
Disadvantages:
- Divisiveness: society can split along party, ethnic, or religious lines
- Unstable coalition governments
- Delays in decision-making
- Political fragmentation
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Divisiveness: This is a recognized weakness. Many parties can deepen divisions among the people, especially in a diverse country like Nigeria, where parties may align with ethnic or regional interests.
- B. Limited choice: This is a problem of a one-party system, not a multi-party system. Multi-party systems offer many choices.
- C. Weak opposition: Also a problem of a one-party system. Multi-party systems usually have a vibrant opposition.
- D. Political consciousness: This is an advantage of a multi-party system, since competing parties educate and mobilize citizens.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. divisiveness.
Tip: For "problem of" questions, first decide whether the system is one-party or multi-party. Limited choice and weak opposition point to a one-party system, while divisiveness and instability point to a multi-party system.
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- 42.
One of the benefits which the West African state derives from the United Nations is
- A.equal opportunities of appointments to its highest office
- B.permanent membership of the Security Council
- C.greater access to all the organs of the United Nations
- D.total eradication of poverty from the African continent
Show answer
Answer: A. equal opportunities of appointments to its highest office
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- 43.
The African Union is unable to play its role on the global political scene very well due to the
- A.inadequate system of education
- B.low level of wages in the member countries
- C.Outbreak of pandemic on the African continent
- D.divided loyalty among member states.
Show answer
Answer: D. divided loyalty among member states.
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks why the African Union (AU) struggles to play a strong role in global politics. We need a cause that directly affects the AU's ability to act as a united political body.
Step 2: Explain the concept The AU is an organization of 55 member states. Its strength on the world stage depends on unity of purpose: speaking with one voice, taking common positions, and acting together. When members have different interests, alliances, and loyalties, the AU cannot act decisively.
Examples:
- Some members are closely tied to former colonial powers (e.g., Francophone and Anglophone blocs) and to major powers like the USA, China, and Russia.
- Members have often disagreed on issues such as the Libya crisis (2011), the ICC, and the Western Sahara question.
- Strong attachment to national sovereignty makes states unwilling to surrender authority to the AU.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Inadequate system of education: This is a national development issue and does not directly determine how the AU acts politically.
- B. Low level of wages: This is an economic matter for individual countries and is not a direct cause of the AU's political weakness.
- C. Outbreak of pandemic: Pandemics are occasional and temporary. They do not explain the AU's general, ongoing difficulty.
- D. Divided loyalty among member states: This is correct. Conflicting national interests and external allegiances weaken collective decision-making and a common AU position.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **D. divided loyalty among member states.
Exam tip: For Government questions on weaknesses of international organizations (AU, ECOWAS, UN), the usual cause is lack of unity, conflicting national interests, or insufficient funding. Look for the option about member states' cooperation or loyalty, as the other options are usually general social or economic problems.
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- 44.
When a superior court declares an action of the executive ultra-vires, it means that
- A.the executive should leave power
- B.a vote of no confidence had been passed on the government
- C.the judiciary is more powerful than the executive
- D.the action is illegal and of no effect
Show answer
Answer: D. the action is illegal and of no effect
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what it means when a superior court declares an executive action ultra vires.
Step 2: Explain the concept Ultra vires is Latin for "beyond the powers." An action is ultra vires when an authority (such as a minister, agency, or the president) acts beyond the legal powers given to it by the constitution or by law. This is part of judicial review, where courts check whether the executive and legislature are acting within the law.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. The executive should leave power: Wrong. The court is ruling on one action, not removing the government from office.
- B. A vote of no confidence had been passed: Wrong. A no-confidence vote is a legislative process, not a court's function.
- C. The judiciary is more powerful than the executive: Wrong. The court is only enforcing the limits of the law. It shows separation of powers and checks and balances, not superiority.
- D. The action is illegal and of no effect: Correct. If an action goes beyond legal authority, the court declares it unlawful, null and void.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D.
Exam tip: Remember "ultra vires = beyond powers = illegal and void." The opposite is intra vires, meaning "within powers" (legal). Any option that talks about removing a government or about one arm being "more powerful" is usually a distractor.
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- 45.
Which of the following factors does not influence a country's foreign policy?
- A.Human resources
- B.Geographical location
- C.System of education and number of universities
- D.International laws and conventions
Show answer
Answer: C. System of education and number of universities
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- 46.
The sovereignty of a state can be limited to a great extent by
- A.Rule of law
- B.separation of powers
- C.International Laws and conventions
- D.Legislative Assembly
Show answer
Answer: C. International Laws and conventions
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what can limit a state's sovereignty "to a great extent." Sovereignty is the supreme, absolute power of a state to govern itself without outside control.
Step 2: Explain the concept Sovereignty has two sides:
- Internal sovereignty: the state's supreme authority over everything within its territory.
- External sovereignty: independence from control by other states.
Sovereignty is limited mainly by factors outside the state's own decision-making. These include treaties, membership of international organisations (UN, AU, ECOWAS), and international law and conventions. When a state signs a treaty or joins such a body, it agrees to follow rules it cannot simply ignore.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Rule of law: This is a principle of internal governance. It means everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. It controls how power is used, but it does not really limit the state's sovereignty.
- B. Separation of powers: This divides government functions among the executive, legislature, and judiciary. It prevents abuse of power inside the government, but it does not limit the state's sovereign status.
- C. International laws and conventions: A state is bound by treaties, human rights conventions, trade agreements, and so on. These restrict what it can do even within its own territory. This is the greatest limit on sovereignty.
- D. Legislative Assembly: This is the lawmaking body. It exercises sovereign power and does not limit it.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. International Laws and conventions.
Exam tip: Remember "external limits = international law." If a question asks what limits sovereignty, think of treaties, UN membership, and international obligations. Rule of law and separation of powers are about limiting government power internally, not state sovereignty.
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- 47.
The administrative head of the ministry is the
- A.official of the ruling government
- B.general manager
- C.permanent secretary
- D.chief coordinating officer
Show answer
Answer: C. permanent secretary
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- 48.
The process of international integration arising from the inter-change of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture is known as
- A.national interest
- B.globalisation
- C.geopolitics
- D.interest aggregation
Show answer
Answer: B. globalisation
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term describing international integration that results from the exchange of world views, products, ideas and culture across countries.
Step 2: Explain the concept Globalisation is the process by which countries, economies, and societies become increasingly interconnected through trade, technology, communication, migration, and cultural exchange. Think of Nigerians watching Premier League football, using WhatsApp, enjoying Korean dramas, or Nollywood and Afrobeats being enjoyed worldwide. That is globalisation at work.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. National interest: The goals and ambitions a country pursues in its foreign policy (e.g., security, economic wellbeing). It is not about cultural or idea exchange.
- B. Globalisation: Matches the definition exactly: international integration through the exchange of ideas, products, views, and culture.
- C. Geopolitics: The influence of geography (location, resources, territory) on politics and international relations.
- D. Interest aggregation: A political process where demands from various groups are combined into policy proposals, usually by political parties. It is a domestic matter, not international.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. globalisation.
Tip: Look for keywords in the question such as "international integration," "inter-change," and "culture." These point directly to globalisation. For Government, remember: Geopolitics = Geography + Politics, Interest aggregation = parties combining demands, and National interest = what a country wants in foreign policy.
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- 49.
Which of the following options does the Commonwealth of Nations commit resources to?
- A.Use of a common currency
- B.Superiority of the British Crown
- C.British Leadership on all matters of diplomacy
- D.Promotion of representative democracy
Show answer
Answer: D. Promotion of representative democracy
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what the Commonwealth of Nations commits its resources to, meaning one of its core aims and objectives.
Step 2: Explain the concept The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of mostly former British territories, including Nigeria, Ghana, India, and Canada. Its members are equal and independent states. The Commonwealth is guided by the Commonwealth Charter, which commits members to:
- Democracy and good governance
- Human rights and the rule of law
- Peace and security
- Economic development and poverty reduction
- Education, health, and youth development
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Use of a common currency: Wrong. Members have their own currencies (naira, cedi, rupee, and so on). A common currency is a feature of unions like the Eurozone, not the Commonwealth.
- B. Superiority of the British Crown: Wrong. Members are equal. The British monarch is only a symbolic Head of the Commonwealth, and many members are republics.
- C. British leadership on all matters of diplomacy: Wrong. Each member runs its own foreign policy independently.
- D. Promotion of representative democracy: Correct. Promoting democracy, free elections, and good governance is central to the Commonwealth. It sends election observers and can suspend members that break democratic principles. Nigeria was suspended in 1995 under military rule, for example.
Step 4: Answer
Tip: In Commonwealth questions, remember that it is an association of equals. Any option suggesting British dominance, a shared currency, or compulsory control is almost always wrong. Look for words like democracy, human rights, cooperation, and development.
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- 50.
In which system of government does the legislature pass a vote of no confidence in the government?
- A.Federal
- B.Cabinet
- C.De jure
- D.Monarchical
Show answer
Answer: B. Cabinet
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which system of government allows the legislature to pass a vote of no confidence in the government. That is, the legislature can force the government out of office.
Step 2: Explain the concept A vote of no confidence is a parliamentary tool. It happens when the majority of legislators declare that they no longer support the Prime Minister and the cabinet. The government must then resign, or parliament may be dissolved and fresh elections held.
This is a feature of the cabinet (parliamentary) system, where:
- The executive (Prime Minister and cabinet) is drawn from the legislature.
- The executive is collectively responsible to the legislature.
- The government stays in office only as long as it keeps the confidence of the majority of the legislature.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Federal: This describes the division of power between central and regional governments. It says nothing about the relationship between executive and legislature.
- B. Cabinet: Correct. The cabinet is collectively responsible to parliament and can be removed by a vote of no confidence (e.g., the United Kingdom, or Nigeria's First Republic, 1960-1966).
- C. De jure: This means "by law" or legally recognised government, which is not a system of government.
- D. Monarchical: This is rule by a king or queen. The head of state's position is hereditary, and it is not tied to votes of no confidence.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. Cabinet.
Tip: Link "no confidence" with "parliamentary/cabinet system". In a presidential system (like Nigeria today), the legislature cannot use a no-confidence vote. It can only remove the president through impeachment, which is a different and more difficult process.
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