2023 WAEC (WASSCE) Government Past Questions and Answers
The 2023 WAEC (WASSCE) Government past questions with answers: 50 objective questions from the 2023 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.
Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.
Questions
- 1.
Which one among the following is a significant factor that influences the foreign policy of a country?
- A.Gender of the political leader
- B.Educational system
- C.Recruitment policy
- D.political system
Show answer
Answer: D. political system
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a significant factor that shapes a country's foreign policy, meaning how it relates to and deals with other countries.
Step 2: Explain the concept Foreign policy is the set of goals and strategies a state uses to interact with other states. It is shaped by several factors:
- Internal (domestic) factors: political system, economic strength, military capability, geography, population, public opinion, and the personality and ideology of leaders.
- External factors: the international environment, alliances, global power structure, and international organisations.
The political system matters because it determines who makes foreign policy decisions and how they are made:
- In a democracy, the legislature, the press, and public opinion can check the executive, so decisions tend to be slower and more consultative. In Nigeria, for example, the National Assembly ratifies treaties.
- In a military regime or a dictatorship, decisions are made by a small group and are often quicker, more secretive, and less accountable.
- The system's ideology (capitalist, socialist, and so on) also affects which countries it allies with.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Gender of the political leader: This is not a recognised significant determinant. What matters is the leader's ideology and personality, not gender.
- B. Educational system: This has only an indirect, long-term effect and is not a main determinant.
- C. Recruitment policy: This concerns how people are hired into public service or the military. It is not a major driver of foreign policy.
- D. Political system: This directly shapes how foreign policy is formulated and carried out, so it is a significant factor.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is D. Political system.
Exam tip: For "factors influencing foreign policy," remember "PEG-MILE": Political system, Economy, Geography, Military strength, Ideology, Leadership, and External environment. If an option matches one of these, it is probably the answer. Options about gender, schooling, or hiring rules are usually distractors.
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- 2.
One of the high points of the activities of the National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA) led to the
- A.proposal for African unity
- B.creation of the African High Command
- C.Africanization of the Executive Council
- D.introduction of the elective principles
Show answer
Answer: D. introduction of the elective principles
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The NCBWA was founded in 1920 by J. E. Casely Hayford (Gold Coast), with members from Nigeria, Gold Coast, Sierra Leone and The Gambia. The question asks about one of its major achievements.
Explain the concept: The NCBWA was an early nationalist body made up of the educated elite. It demanded:
- Elected representation in the legislative councils
- Equal opportunities in the civil service
- Press freedom and a West African court of appeal
- A West African university
Its demand for elected African representation had a real impact. In 1922 the Clifford Constitution in Nigeria introduced the elective principle. For the first time, a limited number of Africans were elected to the Legislative Council: 3 for Lagos and 1 for Calabar. The NCBWA's agitation is widely credited as one of the pressures behind this.
Check the options:
- A. Proposal for African unity: This was a pan-African idea associated with Nkrumah and the OAU. It was not the NCBWA's high point.
- B. African High Command: This was linked to Pan-African and military unity discussions in the 1960s, not the NCBWA.
- C. Africanization of the Executive Council: This came much later, in the 1940s and 1950s, under constitutions such as the Richards, Macpherson and Lyttelton constitutions. It was not the NCBWA's achievement.
- D. Introduction of the elective principles: This matches the Clifford Constitution of 1922, which followed NCBWA agitation.
Answer: D, introduction of the elective principles.
Tip: Link the dates: NCBWA (1920) leads to Clifford Constitution (1922), which brought the elective principle. Remember "1920 → 1922 → elections".
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- 3.
The reason for which the government should take a key interest in the activities of pressure groups is that, they
- A.provide valuable feedback on government policies and programmes
- B.force coalition among political parties for election
- C.blackmail political leaders
- D.dictate the path and direction for government programmes
Show answer
Answer: A. provide valuable feedback on government policies and programmes
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks why government should take a key interest in what pressure groups do. We need the option that gives a positive, functional reason for government to pay attention.
Step 2: Explain the concept Pressure groups (e.g., NLC, ASUU, NMA, Market Women's Association) are organized groups that try to influence government policy without seeking to take political power. Their main roles include:
- Representing the interests of their members
- Communicating public opinion to government
- Providing information and expertise on policy issues
- Acting as a check on government actions
Because they sit between citizens and government, they act as a feedback channel. This helps government know whether its policies are working or causing hardship.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Provide valuable feedback on government policies and programmes: Correct. This is a legitimate reason for government to monitor them. Their reactions show how policies affect the people.
- B. Force coalition among political parties for election: Wrong. Forming coalitions is the work of political parties, not pressure groups. Pressure groups do not contest elections.
- C. Blackmail political leaders: Wrong. This is a negative claim and not a function of pressure groups. It would not be a reason for government to take interest in them.
- D. Dictate the path and direction for government programmes: Wrong. Pressure groups influence and advise, but they do not dictate. Government keeps the final decision-making power.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A.
Tip: In Government questions about the "importance" or "role" of pressure groups, choose words like feedback, influence, representation, information, check. Avoid extreme words like dictate, force, blackmail, since they usually signal wrong options.
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- 4.
One of the low points in the cabinet system of government is that, the
- A.divided loyalty of the cabinet ministers is strong
- B.centre of power in the system is stable
- C.Prime Minister does not regard the Head of State
- D.tenure of government is always not stable
Show answer
Answer: D. tenure of government is always not stable
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks for a weakness (low point) of the cabinet (parliamentary) system of government.
Concept: In a cabinet system, as in the British model or Nigeria's First Republic, the executive (Prime Minister and ministers) is drawn from the legislature and is responsible to it. The key features are:
- The Prime Minister is head of government. The Head of State is often a ceremonial figure.
- Ministers are collectively responsible to parliament.
- The government stays in office only as long as it keeps the confidence of the majority in parliament.
Weaknesses of the cabinet system:
- The government can fall through a vote of no confidence.
- It can also fall when its party loses its majority, when a coalition breaks up, or when parliament is dissolved.
- Fusion of powers weakens the separation of powers.
- Policy continuity can suffer when governments change often.
Checking the options:
- A. Divided loyalty of cabinet ministers is strong: Cabinet ministers are bound by collective responsibility, so loyalty is not typically divided. This is not the standard weakness.
- B. Centre of power is stable: Stability is an advantage, not a low point.
- C. Prime Minister does not regard the Head of State: This is not a recognized feature or weakness of the system.
- D. Tenure of government is always not stable: This matches the main weakness. The government depends on parliamentary confidence and can be removed at any time by a no-confidence vote or by losing its majority. The phrase "always" is overstated, but D is clearly the best choice.
Answer: D
Tip: For "low points" or "demerits" questions, look for the option that describes a negative. For the cabinet system, think "instability of tenure, because the government depends on parliament's confidence." Eliminate any option that describes a benefit, such as "stable."
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- 5.
A public declaration of policy and aims especially one issued before an election by a political party or candidate is commonly called
- A.steps to govern
- B.Policy paper
- C.guide to government
- D.manifesto
Show answer
Answer: D. manifesto
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term used for a public declaration of policies and aims, especially one issued by a political party or candidate before an election.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Government (Civics), a manifesto is a written document in which a political party or candidate publicly states what they stand for, what they plan to do if elected, and how they intend to run the government. Parties in Nigeria, such as the APC, PDP and Labour Party, publish manifestos during election campaigns so voters can compare their promises and decide whom to support.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Steps to govern: Not a recognised political term.
- B. Policy paper: This is a detailed document on a specific policy issue, often prepared by government or experts. It is not a campaign declaration issued before an election.
- C. Guide to government: Not a standard term for this.
- D. Manifesto: This is the public declaration of a party's or candidate's policies and aims, issued before an election. ✔
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. manifesto.
Exam tip: Remember "Manifesto = Manifest (make clear) the plans." A manifesto makes the party's plans clear to the public before voting. Related terms often tested include party platform, campaign, and constitution (a party's rules, which differ from its manifesto).
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- 6.
What type of right enables citizens to participate in state affairs?
- A.judicial right
- B.social right
- C.habeas corpus
- D.political right
Show answer
Answer: D. political right
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- 7.
The pattern of rule by the French in her West African colonies was highly
- A.decentralized
- B.proportional
- C.consultative
- D.centralized
Show answer
Answer: D. centralized
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks about the style of colonial administration the French used in their West African colonies, such as Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Dahomey, Mali (French Sudan), and Guinea.
Explain the concept: France practiced a policy of direct rule tied to assimilation. Under this system:
- Power was concentrated in Paris, with the Ministry of Colonies in charge.
- The colonies were grouped into a federation, French West Africa (AOF), headed by a Governor-General based in Dakar, Senegal.
- Each colony had a Lieutenant-Governor who took instructions from the Governor-General.
- Traditional rulers were treated as junior officials. They were often replaced and had little real authority.
- French laws, language, and culture were applied across the colonies.
This is the opposite of British indirect rule, which used traditional rulers and allowed more local variation.
Solution, option by option:
- A. Decentralized: Wrong. Authority did not rest with local units, since decisions flowed from Paris and Dakar.
- B. Proportional: Wrong. This term describes representation systems, not colonial administration.
- C. Consultative: Wrong. Africans were rarely consulted, and chiefs simply carried out French orders.
- D. Centralized: Correct. Administration was tightly controlled from Paris through the Governor-General in Dakar down to local commandants.
Tip: Remember "French = Fully centralized, Direct, Assimilation" and "British = Indirect rule." If a WASSCE question asks about French colonial rule, think centralized, direct, and assimilation.
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- 8.
The cornerstone of a functioning democracy is the
- A.foreign policy and military alliances
- B.appropriation bill
- C.free and fair elections
- D.expenditure pattern of the executive
Show answer
Answer: C. free and fair elections
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the "cornerstone" (the most fundamental foundation) of a functioning democracy.
Step 2: Explain the concept Democracy means government by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. For this to work, citizens must be able to choose their leaders and remove them peacefully. The main way they do this is through elections. If elections are not free and fair, the government does not truly reflect the will of the people, and its legitimacy is weakened.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Foreign policy and military alliances: These concern a country's external relations and security. They exist in democracies and non-democracies alike, so they do not define democracy.
- B. Appropriation bill: This is a financial law authorizing government spending. It is an administrative and legislative tool, not the foundation of democracy.
- C. Free and fair elections: These give citizens the power to choose and change their leaders, give government its legitimacy, and make leaders accountable. This is the core of democracy.
- D. Expenditure pattern of the executive: This is about how government spends money. It matters for accountability but is not the foundation of democracy.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. free and fair elections.
Exam tip: When you see words like "cornerstone," "foundation," or "pillar" in a Government question about democracy, think of elections, rule of law, and popular participation. Among the options given, pick the one that directly connects citizens to power. Here, that is free and fair elections.
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- 9.
One of the major criticisms levelled against the United Nations (UN) is its inability to
- A.ensure fair permanent representation
- B.enforce affirmative action and equal wealth
- C.adopt a universal language for its operation
- D.ensure universal access to education
Show answer
Answer: A. ensure fair permanent representation
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks about a major criticism of the UN, specifically something the UN has failed to do or ensure.
Concept: The UN has several organs. The most powerful is the Security Council, which has 5 permanent members (USA, UK, France, Russia, China) with veto power. These were the victors of World War II. Critics, including many African countries such as Nigeria, argue that this arrangement is unfair and outdated. Africa, Latin America, and large countries like India, Brazil, and Nigeria have no permanent seat. Nigeria and other African nations have long pushed for Security Council reform for this reason.
Evaluating the options:
- A. Ensure fair permanent representation: This is a well-known criticism. The Security Council's permanent membership is skewed toward a few powerful countries and does not reflect today's global realities. ✔
- B. Enforce affirmative action and equal wealth: The UN does not have a mandate to enforce equal wealth among nations or people. This is not a major criticism.
- C. Adopt a universal language: The UN has six official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish). Having no single universal language is not a major criticism.
- D. Ensure universal access to education: UNESCO and other agencies promote education, but access is a goal pursued through member states. It is not typically cited as a main criticism of the UN's structure.
Answer: Option A. The major criticism concerns the unequal, undemocratic permanent membership of the Security Council and the veto power that comes with it.
Tip: For Government questions on the UN, remember the "P5 and veto" issue. Whenever you see "criticism of the UN," think of the Security Council's composition, veto abuse, and weak enforcement of resolutions. The option mentioning permanent representation is usually the answer.
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- 10.
A state that has two levels of government is commonly referred to as
- A.concurrent states
- B.cooperative government
- C.federal state
- D.coalition government
Show answer
Answer: C. federal state
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the name given to a state that has two levels of government, typically a central (national) government and regional (state or provincial) governments.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a federal state, power is constitutionally divided between a central government and component units such as states or regions. Each level has its own area of authority, and neither is subordinate to the other in the matters assigned to it. Nigeria is a good example, with the Federal Government and the 36 State Governments. Local governments are a third tier, but the core federal division is between the center and the states.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Concurrent states: Not a standard term. "Concurrent powers" exists in federalism, but it is not a type of state.
- B. Cooperative government: This describes how levels of government work together. It is not a type of state with two levels.
- C. Federal state: Correct. It is a system with two levels of government, each with defined powers.
- D. Coalition government: This is a government formed by an alliance of political parties, usually in a parliament where no single party has a majority. It has nothing to do with levels of government.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. federal state.
Exam tip: Remember "Federal = Few levels with a constitution dividing powers." If a question mentions powers shared between a center and component units, think federalism. If it mentions parties joining forces, think coalition.
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- 11.
The overriding consideration for the creation of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) was to place Africa on the path to
- A.capitalist government
- B.non-alignment
- C.growth and development
- D.military might
Show answer
Answer: C. growth and development
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- 12.
Public opinion is formed through the following channels except
- A.Cabinet
- B.Elections
- C.Mass media
- D.Political parties
Show answer
Answer: A. Cabinet
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- 13.
The Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS) is now confronted with a new security threat which is
- A.extremism
- B.smuggling of illegal goods across states
- C.weak national armies
- D.proportional representation
Show answer
Answer: A. extremism
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the new security threat facing ECOWAS. The key word is "new", so we need a threat that has emerged recently, not a long-standing problem.
Step 2: Explain the concept ECOWAS was founded in 1975 mainly for economic integration. Over time, it has had to deal with security issues too, such as:
- Civil wars (Liberia, Sierra Leone) in the 1990s
- Coups and political instability
- Cross-border crime and smuggling (a long-standing problem)
- Violent extremism and terrorism, which has grown sharply in the last decade
Today, the most pressing and new threat is violent extremism and terrorism. Boko Haram and ISWAP operate in Nigeria and the Lake Chad region, and jihadist groups are active across the Sahel (Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger). This is why ECOWAS has discussed a standby force for counter-terrorism.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Extremism: Correct. It is a modern and growing regional threat.
- B. Smuggling of illegal goods across states: This is an old problem, not a new one. It is also more of an economic or customs issue.
- C. Weak national armies: This is a weakness in member states, not a security threat in itself.
- D. Proportional representation: This is an electoral system, not a security threat at all.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. extremism.
Step 5: Exam tip When a question says "new" or "emerging" security threat in West Africa, think terrorism and extremism. Also, always check whether an option is a threat (like extremism) or a weakness or system (like weak armies or proportional representation). That helps you eliminate wrong choices quickly.
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- 14.
The public Service Commission performs the following functions except
- A.advisory body
- B.imposition of income tax
- C.welfare of personnel
- D.discipline of personnel
Show answer
Answer: B. imposition of income tax
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We are asked which option is NOT a function of the Public Service Commission (PSC). It is an "except" question, so three options are real functions and one is not.
Step 2: Explain the concept The Public Service Commission is a body set up under the Nigerian Constitution to manage the civil service. Its main functions are:
- Appointing, promoting, and transferring civil servants
- Disciplining civil servants, including dismissal
- Advising government on public service matters (advisory role)
- Looking after staff welfare, conditions of service, and career development
Taxation is not part of its job. Income tax is imposed by law (the National Assembly or State Houses of Assembly) and collected by revenue agencies such as the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) or State Internal Revenue Services.
Step 3: Go through the options
- A. Advisory body: The PSC advises government on public service matters. This is a function.
- B. Imposition of income tax: This is done by the legislature and revenue agencies, not the PSC. This is not a function.
- C. Welfare of personnel: The PSC is concerned with staff welfare and conditions of service. This is a function.
- D. Discipline of personnel: The PSC has disciplinary control over civil servants. This is a function.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. imposition of income tax.
Tip: For "except" questions on service commissions, remember the PSC deals with people in the civil service (hiring, firing, promotion, discipline, welfare). Anything about money-raising (taxes) or law-making belongs to other bodies. Think "PSC = personnel, not taxes."
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- 15.
The issues that are at the core of a country's foreign policy are referred to as
- A.globalisation
- B.state area
- C.national interest
- D.diplomacy
Show answer
Answer: C. national interest
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what term describes the issues at the core of a country's foreign policy. In other words, what drives and shapes the way a country behaves toward other nations?
Step 2: Explain the concept Foreign policy is the set of strategies a country uses to deal with other countries and international bodies. Every one of those strategies is built around one central idea: national interest. This means the goals a state wants to protect or achieve, such as:
- Security and territorial integrity
- Economic prosperity and trade
- Political independence
- Promotion of national values and prestige
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Globalisation: This is the increasing worldwide interconnection of economies and cultures. It is a global process, not the core of one country's foreign policy.
- B. State area: This is just the territory of a state. It is not a policy concept.
- C. National interest: This is the foundation of foreign policy. Every decision, such as signing treaties, joining organisations like ECOWAS or the AU, or giving aid, is meant to serve it.
- D. Diplomacy: This is the tool or method used to carry out foreign policy (negotiation, embassies, and so on). It is not the core issue itself.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. national interest.
Exam tip: Remember the difference: National interest = the "WHY" (the goals), while Diplomacy = the "HOW" (the method). If a question asks about the core, basis, or determinant of foreign policy, think national interest.
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- 16.
The civil service is different from the public service in terms of
- A.educational qualification
- B.political affiliation
- C.conditions of service
- D.personality and stature
Show answer
Answer: C. conditions of service
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how the civil service differs from the public service. We need to recall what each one is.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Public service: This is the broad sector. It covers all government employees in ministries, departments, agencies, parastatals, state-owned corporations (such as NNPC and NEPA/PHCN), the armed forces, the police, the judiciary, and so on.
- Civil service: This is a smaller part of the public service. It covers permanent, non-political staff who work in government ministries and departments and carry out government policies (for example, a Permanent Secretary or a Director in a ministry).
Both are made up of employees of government, so the difference is not in who they work for. It lies in how they are employed and managed. Civil servants are governed by the Civil Service Rules and the Public Service Rules. They have a specific scheme of service, a fixed grade-level structure, and set rules on appointment, promotion, discipline, pension and retirement. Many other public service bodies have their own separate conditions of service. Examples are parastatals, the military and the police.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Educational qualification: Wrong. Both sectors hire people at all levels of qualification.
- B. Political affiliation: Wrong. Civil servants are meant to be politically neutral, and public servants are generally expected to be as well. Neither is defined by party membership.
- C. Conditions of service: Correct. Civil servants and other public servants have different terms of appointment, promotion, discipline and remuneration.
- D. Personality and stature: Wrong. This is not a criterion for any government job.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. conditions of service.
Exam tip: Remember that the civil service is a subset of the public service. When a question asks how they differ, think about structure, rules, and conditions of employment, not qualifications or politics.
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- 17.
An executive president is one who wields the powers of a
- A.head of state and government
- B.ceremonial president only
- C.leader of government business only
- D.despot and benevolent dictator
Show answer
Answer: A. head of state and government
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks what powers an executive president holds. The word "executive" is the key.
Explain the concept: In a presidential system of government, such as Nigeria's, the United States', or Ghana's, the president fuses two roles in one person:
- Head of State: the symbolic and constitutional representative of the nation.
- Head of Government: the person who runs the day-to-day administration, appoints ministers, and directs policy.
A ceremonial president (as in Germany, or Nigeria's First Republic under Azikiwe) is only head of state. Real executive power is with the Prime Minister, who is head of government.
Solution (checking each option):
- A. Head of state and government: Correct. This is the defining feature of an executive president.
- B. Ceremonial president only: Wrong. This is the opposite of an executive president, since a ceremonial president has little real power.
- C. Leader of government business only: Wrong. This describes a role in a legislature (e.g., the Leader of the House) or a prime minister's function. It leaves out the head-of-state role.
- D. Despot and benevolent dictator: Wrong. An executive president can be constitutionally limited by the legislature and judiciary (checks and balances). Being executive does not make one a dictator.
Answer: A
Tip: Remember "Executive = Two hats in one." Executive president means head of state plus head of government. Ceremonial president or monarch means head of state only. Prime minister means head of government only.
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- 18.
Which system of government allows for and guarantees maximum competition?
- A.Feudalism
- B.Capitalism
- C.Communism
- D.Social Democracy
Show answer
Answer: B. Capitalism
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which system allows and guarantees maximum competition. Strictly speaking, capitalism is an economic system rather than a system of government, but in WASSCE Government questions it is often grouped with political and economic ideologies.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Feudalism: Land is owned by lords, and peasants (vassals) work it in exchange for protection. Social and economic positions are fixed by birth, so there is very little competition.
- Capitalism: Private individuals and firms own the means of production. Prices are set by market forces (supply and demand), and the profit motive drives people to compete. Competition is its defining feature.
- Communism: The state or community owns the means of production, with central planning. Private competition is largely eliminated.
- Social Democracy: This is a mixed approach. Markets exist, but the state intervenes heavily through welfare and regulation, so competition is limited and not maximized.
Step 3: Eliminate the options
- A is out because feudalism is rigid and hereditary.
- C is out because communism abolishes private ownership and market competition.
- D is out because social democracy deliberately moderates competition through state intervention.
- B is left, and it matches the description of free enterprise and open competition.
Step 4: Answer Capitalism guarantees the greatest freedom for individuals and businesses to compete, so the answer is B.
Exam tip: Link keywords to systems:
- "Competition / private ownership / profit" → Capitalism
- "State ownership / classless" → Communism
- "Welfare plus market" → Social Democracy
- "Land / lords / vassals" → Feudalism
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- 19.
One of the formidable challenges the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is confronted with is the
- A.absence of a common platform for debate
- B.over reliance on foreign aid
- C.absence of technology transfer
- D.arms race among member states
Show answer
Answer: B. over reliance on foreign aid
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- 20.
The best way to keep the military at bay from interfering in politics is by ensuring
- A.high pay rise every year
- B.their inclusion in government
- C.good governance
- D.effective control of their day to day operations
Show answer
Answer: C. good governance
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- 21.
Bicameral legislature contributes to the democratic process by
- A.recommending the use of force on policy
- B.suppressing minority rights
- C.imposing programmes and policies on the executive
- D.widening the scope of political participation
Show answer
Answer: D. widening the scope of political participation
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how a bicameral legislature (one with two chambers) contributes to democracy.
Step 2: Explain the concept A bicameral legislature has two houses. Examples:
- Nigeria: Senate and House of Representatives (National Assembly)
- USA: Senate and House of Representatives
- UK: House of Lords and House of Commons
Why have two chambers?
- Wider representation: Different houses can represent different interests, such as states or regions (equal representation in the Senate) and population (House of Representatives).
- Checks and balances: One house reviews and corrects the other, which prevents hasty or poor laws.
- Protection of minorities: Smaller states or groups get a voice.
- More participation: More people and interests take part in lawmaking.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Recommending the use of force on policy: Wrong. Democracy relies on debate and consensus, not force.
- B. Suppressing minority rights: Wrong. Bicameralism tends to protect minorities, not suppress them.
- C. Imposing programmes and policies on the executive: Wrong. The legislature may check and oversee the executive, but "imposing" is not a democratic function, and it is not the special contribution of having two chambers.
- D. Widening the scope of political participation: Correct. Two chambers allow more representatives, more interests, and more people to take part in governance.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. widening the scope of political participation.
Tip: For "bicameral" questions, think of "two houses = wider representation + checks and balances." Eliminate options with negative words such as "force," "suppressing," or "imposing," since they usually contradict democratic principles.
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- 22.
The reluctance of military regimes to hand over power to civilian administration is because they
- A.negotiate better loan terms for the country than the civilian government
- B.have the backing of traditional rulers, their subjects and the clergy
- C.feel a sense of entitlement
- D.perceive civilians and politicians as evil doers and backward
Show answer
Answer: C. feel a sense of entitlement
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- 23.
Which of the following systems of government does not practice collective responsibility?
- A.Communalism system
- B.Non-centralised system
- C.Executive system
- D.Cabinet system
Show answer
Answer: C. Executive system
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We need the system of government in which ministers or executives do NOT share collective responsibility for decisions.
Explain the concept: Collective responsibility means all members of the cabinet or executive share responsibility for decisions made by the government. If one minister disagrees, they must either publicly support the decision or resign. It is a feature of the parliamentary (cabinet) system, such as in the UK.
Work through the options:
- A. Communalism system: This is a social and economic arrangement in which the community owns property and shares responsibility. It is not a system of executive government, so the concept of collective cabinet responsibility doesn't apply in the same way.
- B. Non-centralised system: Power is spread across different levels or units. It is a structure of power distribution and does not define how the executive is held accountable.
- C. Executive system (presidential system): The President is both head of state and head of government. Ministers or secretaries are appointed by the President and answer individually to the President, not collectively to the legislature. The President carries the ultimate responsibility, so there is no collective responsibility. This fits the question.
- D. Cabinet system: This is the classic home of collective responsibility. Ministers sit together, decide together, and stand or fall together.
Answer: The executive (presidential) system is the one where ministers are individually responsible to the President, so collective responsibility is not practised.
Exam tip:
- Cabinet/parliamentary system → collective responsibility, fusion of powers.
- Presidential/executive system → individual responsibility to the President, separation of powers.
When you see "does not practice collective responsibility," think presidential.
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- 24.
The African Union (AU) is saddled with one of these challenges and that is
- A.absence of rich natural resources
- B.tensions and political discord among member states
- C.inter-ethnic extinction and poor social cohesion
- D.weak labour force
Show answer
Answer: B. tensions and political discord among member states
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a real challenge facing the African Union (AU). The AU is a continental organization of 55 member states, founded in 2002 to replace the OAU, with the aim of promoting unity, peace, security and development.
Step 2: Explain the concept The AU's challenges are mostly political, financial and security-related. Common ones include:
- Political disagreements and mistrust among member states
- Border and territorial disputes
- Coups, civil wars and terrorism
- Overdependence on foreign donors for funding
- Overlapping memberships in regional bodies (ECOWAS, SADC, etc.)
- Reluctance of states to give up sovereignty
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Absence of rich natural resources: False. Africa is very rich in natural resources such as oil, gold, diamonds and cocoa.
- B. Tensions and political discord among member states: True. Disagreements over leadership, sovereignty, coups, and conflict responses (for example, Libya, Sudan, and the Sahel states) weaken the AU's ability to act together.
- C. Inter-ethnic extinction and poor social cohesion: False. "Ethnic extinction" is not an AU challenge, and the AU is an organization of states, not of ethnic groups.
- D. Weak labour force: False. Africa has a large and youthful population, which is considered an asset.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B.
Tip: In Government questions on international organizations (AU, ECOWAS, UN), the correct challenge is usually about politics, funding, or conflict. Options saying a continent lacks resources or manpower are usually distractors.
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- 25.
The French Colonial policies in her West African colonies were different from the British in many ways except in
- A.discriminatory laws
- B.citizenship
- C.imperialism
- D.cultural imposition
Show answer
Answer: C. imperialism
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- 26.
Unitary system of government is adopted by some states because
- A.of homogeneity
- B.it guarnatees democracy
- C.it builds the capacity of citizens in good time
- D.of mineral resources
Show answer
Answer: A. of homogeneity
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- 27.
A social, political and economic arrangement in which landed property and other natural resources are collectively owned is referred to as
- A.Federalism
- B.Liberalism
- C.Communalism
- D.Feudalism
Show answer
Answer: C. Communalism
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the system in which land and natural resources are collectively owned and which covers social, political and economic life.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Federalism: a system of government in which power is shared between a central government and component units (e.g., Nigeria's federal and state governments). It says nothing about land ownership.
- Liberalism: a political philosophy that stresses individual freedom, private property and limited government. This is the opposite of collective ownership.
- Communalism: a system in which land and natural resources belong to the whole community or group rather than to individuals. It is common in traditional African societies, where the family, clan or village held the land, and individuals had only the right to use it.
- Feudalism: a system in which land is owned by lords or kings, who grant it to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service. Ownership is in the hands of a few, not the community.
Step 3: Apply to the question The key phrase is "collectively owned." Only communalism fits this. Feudalism concentrates land in the hands of a ruling class, liberalism favors private ownership, and federalism concerns the structure of government.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. Communalism.
Tip: Link the words: Communalism → Community → collective ownership. For feudalism, think "feud/fief" → lords owning land and vassals working it.
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- 28.
The Fundamental Human Rights and Liberties must be entrenched in a constitution to
- A.serve majority interest
- B.show concern for the people
- C.make it difficult to tamper with
- D.espouse love for the country
Show answer
Answer: C. make it difficult to tamper with
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The key word is "entrenched." The question asks why fundamental human rights must be entrenched in a constitution.
Step 2: Explain the concept To entrench a provision means to give it special legal protection so that it cannot be easily changed or removed. In Nigeria, Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution (Fundamental Rights) is entrenched. Amending it requires a special procedure: a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly and approval by at least two-thirds of the State Houses of Assembly. This is stricter than the process for an ordinary law.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Serve majority interest: Wrong. Human rights protect everyone, including minorities, and are not meant to favour the majority.
- B. Show concern for the people: This is a possible side effect, but it is not the reason for entrenching the rights.
- C. Make it difficult to tamper with: Correct. This is exactly what entrenchment does. It protects the rights from arbitrary changes by the government or legislature.
- D. Espouse love for the country: Wrong. This has nothing to do with entrenchment.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. make it difficult to tamper with.
Exam tip: When you see the word "entrench" in Government, think "protected and hard to change." Entrenched provisions are also linked to a rigid constitution, which has a difficult amendment procedure.
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- 29.
The rigid nature of a constitution makes it
- A.accessible to all
- B.infallible and standard
- C.easy for quick review
- D.complicated for amendment
Show answer
Answer: D. complicated for amendment
AI explanation
1. Analyze the question The question asks about the effect of a rigid constitution. "Rigid" is the key word.
2. Explain the concept A rigid constitution is one that is hard to change. Its amendment requires a special, difficult procedure, for example:
- a two-thirds or three-fourths majority in the legislature,
- approval by a majority of state legislatures (as in Nigeria's 1999 Constitution, where state Houses of Assembly must approve),
- sometimes a referendum.
A flexible constitution is the opposite. It can be amended by the ordinary legislative process, as in the United Kingdom.
3. Step-by-step solution
- A. Accessible to all: Accessibility is about whether the document is written and available to the public. It has nothing to do with rigidity. ✗
- B. Infallible and standard: No constitution is infallible, meaning free from error. Rigidity does not make it perfect. ✗
- C. Easy for quick review: This describes a flexible constitution, the opposite of rigid. ✗
- D. Complicated for amendment: This matches the definition, because a rigid constitution requires a special and difficult amendment procedure. ✓
4. Answer The correct option is D. complicated for amendment.
5. Exam tip Link the words to their meanings: Rigid = Resistant to change (hard to amend) and Flexible = Fast to change (easy to amend). Whenever you see "rigid" in Government, think "difficult amendment procedure."
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- 30.
The exercise of power can arise from any of the following sources except
- A.ideological power
- B.legitimate power
- C.expert power
- D.charismatic power
Show answer
Answer: A. ideological power
AI explanation
1. Analyze the question The question asks which option is NOT a recognised source of power. Four options are sources, and one is the odd one out.
2. Explain the concept In Government and political science, power is the ability to make others act in a desired way. Commonly recognised sources or bases of power include:
- Legitimate power: comes from a recognised position or office (e.g., a President, a Governor).
- Expert power: comes from special knowledge or skill (e.g., a doctor or an engineer).
- Charismatic power: comes from personal appeal and charm (e.g., Obafemi Awolowo, Nelson Mandela).
- Referent power: comes from admiration and identification.
- Coercive power: comes from force or the threat of punishment.
- Reward power: comes from the ability to give benefits.
- Traditional power: comes from custom and heredity (e.g., emirs and obas).
3. Step-by-step solution
- B (legitimate power) is a standard source, so it is not the answer.
- C (expert power) is a standard source, so it is not the answer.
- D (charismatic power) is a standard source (Weber's charismatic authority), so it is not the answer.
- A (ideological power) is not one of the classic textbook sources of power, such as legitimate, expert, charismatic, coercive, reward, referent or traditional. Ideology is a set of beliefs that guides a government or party, not a standard base of power.
4. Answer
One caution: some scholars do discuss "ideological power" (for example Michael Mann's sources of social power). But in the WASSCE Government syllabus, it is not listed among the usual sources, so A is the expected answer.
5. Exam tip For "except" questions, check each option against your list of standard sources. Memorise: L-E-C-C-R-R-T (Legitimate, Expert, Charismatic, Coercive, Reward, Referent, Traditional). Any option outside this list is likely the answer.
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- 31.
One of the function of the electoral management body is to
- A.conduct training programmes for presidential candidates
- B.look for external sources besides the government to fund its operations
- C.interpret the electoral laws fairly
- D.engage in business to increase its financial capacity
Show answer
Answer: B. look for external sources besides the government to fund its operations
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- 32.
The official routine observed in carrying out functions in the civil service is commonly known as
- A.official order
- B.bureaucracy
- C.standard order
- D.command
Show answer
Answer: B. bureaucracy
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term used for the official routine, or set procedures, followed when carrying out functions in the civil service.
Step 2: Explain the concept Bureaucracy is a system of administration in which government work is done by appointed officials. It is organized in a hierarchy and follows fixed rules, procedures, and routines. Max Weber described its main features:
- Hierarchy of authority
- Division of labour and specialization
- Written rules and regulations
- Impersonality (everyone is treated by the same rules)
- Records kept in writing, and appointment and promotion based on merit
In Nigeria, the civil service works this way. Files move from one officer to another, memos are written, and approvals are given at each level. This formal routine is what people commonly call bureaucracy, and it is sometimes mocked as "red tape."
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Official order: This is not a standard term for civil service routine. It refers to an instruction.
- B. Bureaucracy: This is the system of official procedures and routines in public administration. It fits the question.
- C. Standard order: This is not a recognized term for the civil service routine.
- D. Command: This means an order given by a superior. It is not the routine itself.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. bureaucracy.
Exam tip: When you see "official routine," "hierarchy," "rules and procedures," or "red tape" in a Government question about the civil service, think bureaucracy. A quick way to remember it is that "bureau" means office, so bureaucracy is rule by the office.
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- 33.
One of the factors that influences decentralization of power in a state is
- A.weak central authority
- B.widening political participation
- C.maximum allegiance to the state
- D.maximum loyalty
Show answer
Answer: B. widening political participation
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which factor encourages decentralization, which is the transfer or spreading of power from the central government to regional or local units (e.g., states, local governments).
Step 2: Explain the concept Decentralization usually happens because of:
- Large size and population of the state
- Ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity
- The need to bring government closer to the people
- The desire for wider participation in decision-making
- The need for efficiency in administration
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Weak central authority: A weak center may lead to the breakdown or collapse of authority, but this is not a deliberate factor that promotes decentralization. It tends to cause instability or disintegration, not planned devolution of power.
- B. Widening political participation: As more citizens demand a say in governance, power is shared with regional and local units so people can participate closer to home. This is a recognized driver of decentralization. ✔
- C. Maximum allegiance to the state: Strong allegiance supports unity and often centralization, so it is not a cause of decentralization.
- D. Maximum loyalty: This also points to a strong, unified center, so it does not drive decentralization.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. widening political participation.
Tip: In Government, link decentralization with the words "participation," "diversity," "size," and "closeness to the people." Link centralization with "loyalty," "unity," and "strong central authority."
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- 34.
The media, commonly referred to as the fourth estate of the realm , monitors the activities of government on behalf of the
- A.people
- B.executive
- C.civil society
- D.media organisation
Show answer
Answer: A. people
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks who the media (the "fourth estate of the realm") watches over government on behalf of. In other words, who benefits from the media's watchdog role?
Step 2: Explain the concept The term "estates of the realm" originally referred to the main classes or powers in society. In modern democracies, the three arms of government are:
- Legislature
- Executive
- Judiciary
The media is called the fourth estate because it acts as an unofficial "fourth arm" that checks the other three. Its main roles include:
- Informing citizens about government policies and actions
- Exposing corruption and abuse of power
- Holding leaders accountable
- Serving as a link between the government and the governed
Step 3: Work through the options
- A. People: The media gathers and reports information so that citizens can judge their government. It is the public's watchdog, so this fits.
- B. Executive: The executive is one of the bodies being monitored, so this is wrong.
- C. Civil society: Civil society groups (NGOs, labour unions, and so on) also act as watchdogs, but the media's duty is to the general public, not to one group within it. This is too narrow.
- D. Media organisation: The media does not monitor government for its own sake. This is wrong.
Step 4: Answer The media monitors government activities on behalf of the people.
Exam tip: "Fourth estate" means the media is the people's watchdog. When you see "on behalf of" in a question about the media's role, think of the public or citizens.
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- 35.
A democratic country is one in which the people have the right to
- A.participate in decision making
- B.disregard laws they abhor
- C.violently overthrow a government
- D.punish government by not honouring tax obligation
Show answer
Answer: A. participate in decision making
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- 36.
Maintenance of law and order in a state is the function of the
- A.citizens of the state
- B.executive arm of government
- C.legislative arm of government
- D.judicial service
Show answer
Answer: B. executive arm of government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which body is responsible for maintaining law and order in a state. This is about the functions of the three arms of government.
Step 2: Explain the concept Government is divided into three arms (separation of powers):
- Legislature: makes laws (e.g., National Assembly, State House of Assembly).
- Executive: implements and enforces laws, and maintains law and order. It controls the police, the army, the civil defence corps, and other security agencies. The President or Governor heads it.
- Judiciary: interprets laws and settles disputes through the courts.
Step 3: Work through the options
- A. Citizens of the state: Citizens are expected to obey the law and cooperate with security agents, but the responsibility for maintaining law and order does not belong to them.
- B. Executive arm of government: Correct. The executive enforces laws and directs the security agencies (police, etc.) that keep peace and order. For example, a Governor is the chief security officer of a state.
- C. Legislative arm of government: It only makes the laws. It does not enforce them.
- D. Judicial service: It tries offenders and interprets laws, but it does not carry out day-to-day enforcement or policing.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B, the executive arm of government.
Tip: Remember it as "Legislature makes, Executive enforces, Judiciary interprets." Any question with words like enforce, implement, administer, maintain law and order, or security points to the Executive.
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- 37.
The local government system assists best in mentoring and grooming people for
- A.military oprations
- B.leadership positions
- C.citizenship and justice
- D.large-scale farming
Show answer
Answer: B. leadership positions
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks what the local government system helps most with in terms of "mentoring and grooming" people. This is about the role of local government in political development.
Explain the concept: Local government is the tier of government closest to the people (in Nigeria, the third tier, after federal and state). One of its key functions is political training. Because it is close to the grassroots, ordinary citizens can:
- Contest for councillorship and chairmanship positions
- Serve in ward and community committees
- Learn how to govern, manage resources and represent people
This is why local government is often called a "training ground" or "school of politics" for future state and national leaders.
Step-by-step solution:
- A. Military operations: Defence is a federal responsibility, not a local government function. ✗
- B. Leadership positions: Local government gives people early experience in administration and politics, preparing them for higher offices. ✓
- C. Citizenship and justice: Citizenship is regulated by the federal government, and justice is mainly handled by the courts. Local government is not primarily about grooming people for these. ✗
- D. Large-scale farming: Local governments may support agriculture, but they do not mentor people for large-scale farming. ✗
Answer: The correct option is B, leadership positions.
Exam tip: When you see "mentoring," "grooming," or "training ground" in a question on local government, think leadership and political training. Remember the phrase: "Local government is the school of politics."
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- 38.
The biggest obstacle which also slowed down nationalist activities in French West African Colonies was the
- A.assimilation policy
- B.constitutional reforms and entrenchment of human rights
- C.assassination of chiefs
- D.deportation of Africans to France
Show answer
Answer: A. assimilation policy
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks for the biggest obstacle that slowed nationalist activities in French West Africa. We need the factor that most weakened or delayed organized nationalism there.
Concept: France governed its colonies through assimilation. This policy aimed to turn educated Africans into "Black Frenchmen" by making them adopt French language, culture, and values. Those who qualified (the évolués) could become French citizens, especially in the Four Communes of Senegal (Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gorée, Rufisque).
Step-by-step reasoning:
- Option A: assimilation policy. It encouraged the educated elite to identify with France rather than oppose it. Many of them saw themselves as French and sought equality within the French system instead of independence. Nationalism was therefore delayed and diluted. It also used direct rule, which undermined traditional African institutions. This fits well.
- Option B: constitutional reforms and entrenchment of human rights. Reforms such as those after 1946 did give Africans some rights and representation in the French Assembly. These were concessions, not obstacles, and they did not entrench human rights in a way that blocked nationalism. This is not the main obstacle.
- Option C: assassination of chiefs. This was not a widespread or characteristic French policy. Chiefs were mostly used as agents of administration. This is incorrect.
- Option D: deportation of Africans to France. There were some individual exiles and punishments, but deportation was not the major, systematic obstacle. This is incorrect.
Answer: The assimilation policy is the best answer, so the correct option is A.
Tip: For French colonies, link assimilation = direct rule = a "French-minded" elite, so nationalism was slower than in British colonies, where indirect rule and Western-educated elites pushed for self-rule. Remember the contrast: British = indirect rule, French = assimilation.
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- 39.
Secret voting assists the voter in making a decision without
- A.coercion
- B.pondering over issues
- C.national interest
- D.public good
Show answer
Answer: A. coercion
AI explanation
Analyze the question The question asks what secret voting (the secret ballot) helps a voter avoid when making a decision.
Explain the concept A secret ballot means nobody can see or find out how a person voted. Its main purposes are:
- To protect voters from intimidation, threats, and coercion by politicians, thugs, employers, or family members.
- To prevent vote-buying, since a buyer cannot confirm how the person voted.
- To make sure the voter's choice is free and honest.
Solution Let's check each option:
- A. Coercion: Because nobody knows how you voted, nobody can force or punish you for your choice. This fits.
- B. Pondering over issues: Secret voting does not stop a voter from thinking carefully about issues. A voter should ponder over them.
- C. National interest: A voter can still consider the national interest. Secrecy does not remove it.
- D. Public good: The same applies. Secrecy does not prevent a voter from thinking about the public good.
Only coercion is something the secret ballot removes.
Answer: A. coercion
Exam tip: Whenever you see "secret ballot" in a Government question, think of freedom from intimidation, pressure, and victimization. Words like "free," "fear," "pressure," and "coercion" usually point to the answer.
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- 40.
The Commonwealth of Nations is committed to one of the following principles
- A.human rights and democracy
- B.supervise political activities of member states
- C.draft constitution for member states
- D.finance budget of member states
Show answer
Answer: A. human rights and democracy
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks which principle the Commonwealth of Nations is committed to. So we need the option that matches the Commonwealth's core values.
Explain the concept: The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of mostly former British territories, including Nigeria. It is guided by the Commonwealth Charter, which commits members to shared values such as:
- Democracy
- Human rights
- The rule of law
- Good governance
- Sustainable development
- Gender equality and international peace and security
The Commonwealth does not run the internal affairs of its members. Each member is sovereign and equal.
Solution (testing each option):
- A. Human rights and democracy: Correct. These are central values in the Commonwealth Charter and in the Harare Declaration (1991). Members who seriously violate them can be suspended. Nigeria was suspended in 1995 under General Abacha after the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa.
- B. Supervise political activities of member states: Wrong. The Commonwealth cannot supervise members' politics because that would violate their sovereignty. It can send election observers, but that is not general supervision.
- C. Draft constitutions for member states: Wrong. Each country writes its own constitution. The Commonwealth may offer advice, but it does not draft constitutions.
- D. Finance budgets of member states: Wrong. It is not a funding body for national budgets. It offers only limited technical assistance and programmes.
Answer: The correct option is A. human rights and democracy.
Tip: For questions on international organisations (Commonwealth, UN, AU, ECOWAS), eliminate options that say the body controls, supervises, drafts for, or finances members' domestic affairs. Sovereignty means such options are usually wrong. Look for options about shared values, cooperation, and promoting peace and democracy.
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- 41.
Elections plays a major role in the democratic process because, it
- A.ensures only good people rule
- B.manipulates the electoral process
- C.confers legitimacy
- D.projects the class system
Show answer
Answer: C. confers legitimacy
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks why elections are important in a democracy. We need the option that describes a genuine function of elections.
Step 2: Explain the concept In a democracy, power comes from the people. Elections are the process through which citizens give a government or leader the right to rule. This right to rule, accepted by the people, is called legitimacy. Other key functions of elections include:
- Allowing citizens to choose their representatives
- Making leaders accountable, since they can be voted out
- Providing a peaceful way to change government
- Encouraging political participation
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Ensures only good people rule: Wrong. Elections do not guarantee good character. Voters can make poor choices, and bad candidates sometimes win.
- B. Manipulates the electoral process: Wrong. Manipulation is an electoral malpractice (such as rigging), not a role of elections.
- C. Confers legitimacy: Correct. A government that wins a free and fair election has the people's mandate, so its authority is accepted as lawful and rightful.
- D. Projects the class system: Wrong. Elections are based on equal voting rights, not on promoting social classes.
Step 4: Answer
Exam tip: In Government questions on elections, look for words like legitimacy, mandate, representation, accountability, and participation. Options that describe negative things, such as manipulation or rigging, are almost always distractors.
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- 42.
What is commonly referred to as the association of the government and the governed?
- A.confederation
- B.state
- C.federation
- D.monarchy
Show answer
Answer: B. state
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which term describes the association of the government and the governed. In other words, it asks for the political entity made up of both the rulers and the people they rule.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- State: A political community with a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and sovereignty. The population (the governed) and the government (the rulers) together make up the state.
- Confederation: A loose union of independent states, where the central authority is weak and the member states keep their sovereignty (for example, ECOWAS-style arrangements or the early United States under the Articles of Confederation).
- Federation: A system of government in which power is constitutionally shared between a central government and regional governments (for example, Nigeria, with federal, state and local governments).
- Monarchy: A system of government in which power is held by one person, such as a king or queen, usually by heredity.
Step 3: Work through the options
- A. Confederation is a union of states, not the government-and-governed association. ✗
- B. State is the association of the government and the governed, together with territory and sovereignty. ✓
- C. Federation is a form of government structure, not the general association of rulers and ruled. ✗
- D. Monarchy is a type of rule by one person. ✗
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. State.
Tip: Remember the four elements of a state with the phrase "PGTS": Population, Government, Territory, Sovereignty. When a question talks about the people and the government together, think "state." Terms like federation, confederation and monarchy describe how power is organised, not the basic association itself.
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- 43.
One of the negative effects of colonial rule on West African states was the
- A.building of roads and rail network
- B.social interventions
- C.western education
- D.dependency syndrome
Show answer
Answer: D. dependency syndrome
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- 44.
The function of the Diplomatic Missions include the following except
- A.project the culture of the people
- B.woo investors
- C.pay salaries of workers of the mission
- D.gather intelligence information
Show answer
Answer: C. pay salaries of workers of the mission
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We are asked which option is NOT a function of a diplomatic mission (an embassy or high commission). It is an "except" question, so three options are real functions and one is not.
Step 2: Recall the concept The main functions of diplomatic missions are:
- Representation: representing the home country in the host country.
- Protection: protecting the interests and citizens of the home country abroad.
- Negotiation: negotiating treaties and agreements.
- Information gathering (reporting): gathering information on developments in the host country by lawful means and reporting it home. This is often called intelligence gathering.
- Promotion of friendly relations: developing economic, cultural, and scientific ties.
- Trade and investment promotion: attracting investors and promoting trade.
- Cultural projection: projecting the country's image and culture.
Step 3: Test each option
- A. Project the culture of the people: a real function (cultural diplomacy).
- B. Woo investors: a real function (economic diplomacy).
- C. Pay salaries of workers of the mission: this is an administrative and financial duty handled by the home government's foreign ministry. It is not a diplomatic function of the mission.
- D. Gather intelligence information: a real function (reporting on conditions in the host country).
Step 4: Answer Option C is the one that is not a function of a diplomatic mission.
Tip: For "except" questions on diplomacy, look for the option that is administrative or routine (like paying salaries) instead of the political, economic, cultural, or protective roles. Remember the key words: Represent, Protect, Negotiate, Report, Promote.
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- 45.
The following issues are some of the challenges the United Nations (UN) addresses except
- A.oligarchical regimes
- B.humanitarian aids
- C.human rights
- D.climate change
Show answer
Answer: A. oligarchical regimes
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- 46.
The art of maintaining peaceful relationships between states, groups or individuals mostly comes about as a result of the activities and functions of
- A.the legislature
- B.security agencies
- C.diplomats
- D.the media
Show answer
Answer: C. diplomats
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which group is mainly responsible for the "art of maintaining peaceful relationships between states, groups or individuals." The key phrase is "art of maintaining peaceful relationships between states."
Step 2: Explain the concept In Government, diplomacy is the art or practice of conducting negotiations and maintaining peaceful relations between countries (and other groups). People who carry out diplomacy are called diplomats, such as ambassadors, high commissioners, consuls, and attachés. Their functions include:
- Representing their country abroad
- Negotiating treaties and agreements
- Promoting friendly relations, trade, and cultural exchange
- Protecting the interests and citizens of their home country
- Reporting on developments in the host country
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. The legislature: It makes laws and oversees the executive. It does not primarily manage relationships between states.
- B. Security agencies: They maintain law and order and defend against threats. They often deal with force rather than the "art" of peaceful relations.
- C. Diplomats: Their core job is building and maintaining peaceful relations through dialogue and negotiation. This fits perfectly.
- D. The media: It informs and educates the public, but it is not responsible for conducting relations between states.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. diplomats.
Tip: When you see the phrase "the art of..." together with "relationships between states," think diplomacy → diplomats. Also remember that diplomacy = peaceful negotiation, while security agencies = enforcement and protection.
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- 47.
The underlying principle of the concept of seperation of powers is mainly to
- A.educate people on their rights
- B.tame the executive
- C.prevent arbitrariness
- D.ensure constitutional review
Show answer
Answer: C. prevent arbitrariness
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the main underlying principle behind separation of powers. In other words, why do we divide government power among different organs?
Step 2: Explain the concept Separation of powers is associated with Baron de Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws). It divides government authority into three organs:
- Legislature: makes laws
- Executive: implements laws
- Judiciary: interprets laws and settles disputes
Montesquieu argued that when all power is concentrated in one person or group, tyranny and abuse follow. By sharing power among separate organs, no single organ can dominate, and each can check the others (checks and balances).
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Educate people on their rights: This is the role of civic education, the media and civil society, not the purpose of separation of powers.
- B. Tame the executive: Checking the executive is one effect, but the principle applies to all three organs, so it is too narrow.
- C. Prevent arbitrariness: By stopping power from being concentrated in one hand, it prevents arbitrary, unchecked and tyrannical rule. This is the core purpose.
- D. Ensure constitutional review: This is a function of the judiciary (judicial review), which is only one mechanism within the system.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **C.
Tip: Link "separation of powers" with "Montesquieu", "avoid concentration of power", "prevent tyranny/arbitrariness/abuse of power". If an option mentions preventing abuse or dictatorship, it is usually the answer. Be careful with options that describe only a single organ, such as the executive or judiciary, because they are usually too narrow.
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- 48.
There are two types of committee system in the House of parliament as part of their operations and one of such is
- A.parliamentary service board
- B.expert committee
- C.Committee of the Whole House
- D.Leadership Committee
Show answer
Answer: C. Committee of the Whole House
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- 49.
Apart from globalization, what other factor to a large extent affects the sovereignty of a state?
- A.Right of a franchise
- B.System of government
- C.International laws
- D.Inalienability
Show answer
Answer: C. International laws
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- 50.
The judiciary occupies an important place in every state because it is
- A.mandated to supervise the functions of the executive
- B.a unique profession of intellectuals
- C.protector of the rights of the people
- D.a body of upright and just people in society
Show answer
Answer: C. protector of the rights of the people
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks why the judiciary is important in every state. We need the option that best describes its core purpose.
Step 2: Concept The judiciary is the arm of government that:
- Interprets the laws
- Settles disputes between individuals, and between individuals and the state
- Protects the fundamental rights and liberties of citizens
- Punishes offenders
Its importance comes from its role as the guardian of justice and citizens' rights. In Nigeria, for example, Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution (fundamental rights) is enforced by the courts.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Mandated to supervise the functions of the executive. Incorrect. The judiciary can review executive actions (judicial review), but it does not supervise the executive in general. That is closer to the legislature's oversight role.
- B. A unique profession of intellectuals. Incorrect. This describes who may work there, not why the arm is important.
- C. Protector of the rights of the people. Correct. The judiciary defends citizens' rights against abuse by other persons or arms of government, and this is the main reason it is vital in any state.
- D. A body of upright and just people in society. Incorrect. Judges are expected to be upright, but this is a desirable quality, not the reason for the institution's importance.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C.
Tip: When a Government question asks about the "importance" of an arm of government, look for the option describing its function or purpose, not the qualities or profession of its members. Judiciary = justice and protection of rights.
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