Apart from globalization, what other factor to a large extent affects the sovereignty of a state?

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which factor, besides globalization, greatly limits or affects a state's sovereignty. Sovereignty is the supreme, absolute power of a state to rule itself without outside interference.

Step 2: Explain the concept Sovereignty has two sides:

• Internal sovereignty: the state's supreme authority over its people and territory.
• External sovereignty: independence from control by other states.

Modern states are not completely free to act as they like. By signing treaties, joining organisations (UN, AU, ECOWAS, WTO) and accepting conventions (human rights, trade, environmental agreements), they agree to follow rules that restrict their freedom of action. This is the main limit on external sovereignty, alongside globalization.

Step 3: Evaluate the options

• A. Right of franchise: This is the right to vote. It is a citizen's political right and does not limit the state's sovereignty.
• B. System of government: This is how power is organised (presidential, parliamentary, federal, unitary). It describes the structure of authority and does not take away the state's supreme power.
• C. International laws: These are binding rules, treaties and obligations that states must obey in their dealings with others. They restrict what a state can do, so they directly affect sovereignty. ✔
• D. Inalienability: This is actually a characteristic of sovereignty (it cannot be transferred or given away), not a factor that affects it.

Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. International laws.

Exam tip: Remember the factors that limit sovereignty as "GIT-O": Globalization, International law, Treaties/Trade blocs, and Organisations (UN, AU, ECOWAS). Also remember that the characteristics of sovereignty are permanence, exclusiveness, comprehensiveness, indivisibility and inalienability. Do not confuse the two lists in the exam!