WAEC • Government • Syllabus

WAEC Government Syllabus for WASSCE 2027

The WAEC Government syllabus is the list of topics WASSCE Government questions are set from, with the exam body's notes on how far each topic goes. Use it as a revision checklist: pick a topic, read what it covers, then practise past questions on it until you can answer them in exam time.

Syllabus content © The West African Examinations Council. Source. Summaries marked “Our summary” are written by DeeepSolve.

WASSCE Government exam scheme

Exam scheme

Papers
There will be two papers – Paper 1 and Paper 2, both of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be composite and will be taken at one sitting.
Paper 1
This will consist of fifty multiple-choice objective questions drawn from the entire syllabus. Candidates will be required to answer all the questions in 1 hour for 40 marks.
Paper 2
This will be a 2-hour essay type test consisting of two sections, Sections A and B. The paper shall carry 60 marks.
Paper 2, Section A: Elements of Government
Shall contain five questions out of which candidates shall be required to attempt any two.
Paper 2, Section B: Political and Constitutional Developments in West Africa and International Relations
Shall contain sets of five questions each; one set for one member country. Each candidate is to answer two questions chosen from the set on the country in which he/she is taking the examination.

Government, its concepts and principles

Our summary: What government means, the key ideas used to describe states and power, and the principles that keep government in check.

Meaning and scope of government

Our summary: Government as an institution of the state, as the process of governing, and as a subject of study.

Contents

  • Government as an institution of the stateWAEC note: Definition of state, features, structure and functions.
  • Government as a process or art of governing
  • Government as an academic field of studyWAEC note: Reasons for studying government.

Basic concepts of government

Our summary: The key terms of the subject, from state, nation, power and sovereignty to the main political ideologies.

Contents

  • Basic conceptsWAEC note: State, Society, Nation, Power, Authority, Legitimacy, Sovereignty, Democracy, Political Culture and Socialization, Communalism, Feudalism and oligarchy, Liberalism, Socialism, Communism, Capitalism, Fascism, Aristocracy, Totalitarianism.

Notes

  • Meaning and features.

Basic principles of government

Our summary: The rule of law, human rights, separation of powers and the other principles that make government accountable.

Contents

  • Basic principlesWAEC note: Rule of Law, Fundamental Human Rights, Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances, Constitutionalism, Political participation, Representative Government, Centralization and Decentralization – (Delegated Legislation, Devolution and Decentralization).

Constitutions, organs and structure of government

Our summary: How constitutions set up a government, the three organs of government, and the different ways states and governments are structured.

Constitutions

Our summary: What a constitution is, where it comes from, what it does, and the main types.

Contents

  • Definition and sources
  • Functions
  • Types and featuresWAEC note: Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible.

Organs of government

Our summary: The executive, the legislature and the judiciary, how each is made up, and why judicial independence matters.

Contents

  • The Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary – Judicial IndependenceWAEC note: Types, Structure, Composition/membership; Functions; powers and limitations.

State structure and characteristics of government

Our summary: Unitary, federal and confederal states, and presidential, parliamentary, monarchical and republican governments compared.

Contents

  • TypesWAEC note: Unitary, Federal, Confederal, Presidential or Non-parliamentary, Parliamentary or Cabinet, Monarchical and Republican.

Notes

  • Meaning, types, features, merits and demerits.

Citizenship, political participation and public administration

Our summary: Citizens' rights and duties, how people take part in politics through parties, pressure groups, the media and elections, and how the public service runs government.

Citizenship

Our summary: How a person becomes a citizen, the rights and duties that come with it, and how those rights are protected.

Contents

  • Meaning, mode of acquisition, rights, duties and obligations of individuals in the state
  • Means of safeguarding rights of citizens

Political parties and party systems

Our summary: What political parties are, how they are organised and what they do, and the different party systems.

Contents

  • Political PartiesWAEC note: Definition, organization/structure, and functions.
  • Party SystemsWAEC note: Definition, types, merits and demerits.

Pressure groups, public opinion and mass media

Our summary: How pressure groups, public opinion and the mass media influence government.

Contents

  • Pressure GroupsWAEC note: Definition, types, mode of operation and functions.
  • Public opinionWAEC note: Definition, formation, measurement and importance.
  • Mass MediaWAEC note: Definition, roles and impact.

Electoral systems, processes and electoral management body

Our summary: Why elections are held, who may vote, the different electoral systems, and the body that runs elections.

Contents

  • Electoral Systems and Processes: ElectionWAEC note: Meaning and purpose of elections.
  • Electoral Systems and Processes: FranchiseWAEC note: Meaning, and limitations.
  • Electoral Systems and Processes: Electoral SystemsWAEC note: Types, advantages and disadvantages of Electoral Systems.
  • Electoral Management BodyWAEC note: Definition, function, problems/constraints.

Public/civil service administration

Our summary: The civil service and its commission, public corporations and privatisation, and local government.

Contents

  • Public/Civil ServiceWAEC note: Meaning, Structure, Characteristics and Functions.
  • Public/Civil Service CommissionWAEC note: Meaning and Functions.
  • Public CorporationsWAEC note: Definition, purposes, functions, control, challenges, need for commercialization and privatization.
  • Local GovernmentsWAEC note: Meaning, structure, Purposes, Functions, Sources of revenue, control and problems.

Nigeria from pre-colonial times to independence

Our summary: WAEC Section B as set for candidates in Nigeria: how the Hausa/Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo were governed, British and French colonial rule, nationalism, and the constitutions before independence.

Pre-colonial political systems

Our summary: How the Hausa/Fulani, the Yoruba and the Igbo organised government before colonial rule.

Contents

  • The structural organization of the following: NigeriaWAEC note: Hausa/Fulani, the Yoruba and the Igbo.

Colonial administration

Our summary: How Britain and France ruled their colonies, and what colonial rule did to the colonies.

Contents

  • The Policy and Structure of the British Colonial AdministrationWAEC note: Crown Colony, Protectorate and Indirect Rule.
  • The Policy of French Colonial AdministrationWAEC note: Assimilation and Association (Loi Cadre).
  • Impact, Advantages and disadvantages of Colonial Rule

Nationalism

Our summary: What nationalism is, why it grew, and the leaders and movements that pushed for independence.

Contents

  • NationalismWAEC note: Meaning, factors and effects.
  • Key Nationalist leaders/movements and their contributions

Nigerian government and politics since independence

Our summary: WAEC Section B as set for candidates in Nigeria: the constitutions since 1960, political parties, military rule and the federal system.

Constitutional developments: post-independence constitutions

Our summary: The features of Nigeria's constitutions from independence in 1960 to the 1999 Constitution.

Contents

  • Independence Constitution, 1960
  • Republican Constitution 1963
  • The 1979 and 1989 Constitutions
  • 1999 ConstitutionWAEC note: Origin, features, strength and weaknesses.

Notes

  • Post-Independence Constitutions – Features.

Development of major political parties

Our summary: How Nigeria's major political parties were formed, what they aimed for, how they were funded, and how they fared.

Contents

  • NigeriaWAEC note: Formation, Objectives, Sources of Finance, Achievements and Failures.

Military rule

Our summary: Why the military took power in Nigeria, the military regimes, and the effects of military rule.

Contents

  • NigeriaWAEC note: Causes, effects and various military regimes.

Federal/unitary systems of government

Our summary: Where Nigeria's federal system came from, how it is structured, and the problems it faces.

Contents

  • NigeriaWAEC note: Origin, Factors, Structure, Features and Problems.

Foreign policy and international organizations

Our summary: Nigeria's foreign policy and the international organizations it belongs to, with the Nigeria part set by WAEC for candidates in Nigeria.

Foreign policies

Our summary: What foreign policy is, what shapes Nigeria's foreign policy, and what it aims to achieve.

Contents

  • NigeriaWAEC note: Definitions, Factors, objectives, advantages and disadvantages.

International organizations

Our summary: The origin, aims, achievements and problems of the UN, the Commonwealth, the African Union and ECOWAS.

Contents

  • The United Nations Organizations (UNO)
  • The Commonwealth of Nations
  • African Union (AU)WAEC note: NEPAD.
  • The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

Notes

  • Origin, aims/objectives, achievements and problems.

More from the WAEC Government syllabus

Aims and objectives

  • This syllabus aims at assessing the candidates' ability to:
  • define the concepts of Government and show their understanding of its principles, institutions and processes;
  • recognize their role as informed citizens and their contributions towards the achievement of national development;
  • evaluate the successes, failures and problems of governments in West Africa;
  • analyse the constitutional developments and processes of colonial and post-independent government;
  • appreciate the role of their country as a member of the international community.

Suggested reading list

Ghana Evolution and Change in the 19th and 20th Centuries
Adu Boahen, A.
Ghana and the Rawlings Factor
Shillington, K.
African Political Parties
Hodgkin, T.
Foreign Policies of Major Countries, Subject Publications, New Delhi
Garbrah, H. K.
Senior Secondary School Government Bks. 1&2
Addae, P. G.
A – ONE in Government
Nofiu, S. O. A.
Modern Government
Echiefu, S. M.
The Substance of Politics
Appadorai, A.
Political Institutions in West Africa
Price, J. H.
Political Studies
Leeds, C. A.
Groundwork of Government in West Africa
Amoa, G. Y.
A Textbook of Government for Senior Secondary School
Dare and Oyewole
Government for Senior Secondary School
Oyediran and Co.
Essentials of Government
Francis Adigwe
Politics in Ghana 1946-1960
Dennis Austin
Government for Senior Secondary School
Prah Isaac

Syllabus content © The West African Examinations Council. Taken from https://waecsyllabus.com/files/ssce/GOVERNMENT.pdf (WASSCE (harmonised West African syllabus)).

DeeepSolve is an independent study platform and is not affiliated with WAEC. The topic lists, notes and exam scheme are the exam body's wording; “Our summary” lines are ours. If anything here differs from what WAEC publishes for your sitting, follow WAEC.