Which electoral system best suits a heterogeneous political environment?

Step 1: Analyze the question "Heterogeneous" means a society made up of many different groups, such as ethnic, religious, linguistic or regional groups. Nigeria is a good example. The question asks which electoral system gives these varied groups the fairest chance of being represented.

Step 2: Explain the concept Under a simple majority (first-past-the-post) system, small groups can be shut out completely, because the largest group wins every seat. In a divided society, this makes minorities feel excluded and can cause tension. A good system for a diverse society should give seats in proportion to the votes each group or party receives.

Step 3: Examine the options

• A. Non-transferable votes: The voter's vote counts only for the chosen candidate and cannot pass to another. It does nothing special to protect minorities.
• B. Preferential ballot: Voters rank candidates. It helps find a candidate with broad support, but it is still usually used in single-seat contests, so it does not guarantee that minority groups are represented.
• C. Proportional representation (PR): Seats are shared according to the percentage of votes each party or group wins. Even small groups get a voice in the legislature. This is why PR is widely recommended for plural, divided societies.
• D. Run-off election: A second round is held if no candidate wins a required majority. It ensures a majority winner but does not give minorities representation.

Step 4: Answer Proportional representation gives every significant group a share of seats, which promotes inclusion, fairness and stability in a diverse society.

Correct option: C. Proportional representation

Tip: When you see "heterogeneous," "plural society" or "minority representation" in a Government question, think Proportional Representation. Link "Proportional" with "fair portions for all groups."