What encompasses a range of diplomatic, political, economic and security decisions and actions that a state…

Step 1: Analyze the question

The question asks for the term that covers a range of diplomatic, political, economic and security decisions and actions a state takes to protect and promote its sovereignty on the global stage. The key phrases are "range of decisions and actions" and "global stage" (i.e., relations with other states).

Step 2: Explain the concept

Foreign policy is the overall strategy or set of principles, decisions and actions a country adopts in dealing with other countries and international organisations. It covers diplomacy, trade and economic relations, defence and security, and political cooperation. Its purpose is to achieve the country's goals, such as security, economic growth, and respect for sovereignty.

Step 3: Test each option

• A. Alliances: These are formal agreements between states for mutual support (e.g., ECOWAS defence arrangements, NATO). They are only one tool of foreign policy, not the whole range of actions.
• B. Foreign policy: It covers diplomatic, political, economic and security actions directed at other states and the international system. This matches the description.
• C. National interest: This is the goal or objective (survival, security, prosperity) that foreign policy tries to achieve. It is not the set of decisions and actions itself.
• D. Constitutionalism: This is the idea that government power is limited by a constitution. It concerns domestic governance, not external relations.

Step 4: Answer

The correct answer is B. Foreign policy.

Exam tip: Remember the link: National interest is the "why," and foreign policy is the "how." If a question mentions actions, strategies or decisions toward other countries, think foreign policy. If it mentions goals or objectives a state wants to achieve, think national interest.