The fundamental principles by which a state is ordered and governed are usually outlined in a

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the document in which the fundamental principles for ordering and governing a state are set out.

Step 2: Explain the concept A constitution is the body of fundamental rules, principles, and laws by which a country is organised and governed. It usually:

• establishes the organs of government (the legislature, executive, and judiciary)
• defines their powers and limits
• protects citizens' rights and duties
• sets out how power is acquired and transferred

Nigeria's 1999 Constitution (as amended) is a good example.

Step 3: Evaluate the options

• A. Bill: A bill is only a proposed law presented to the legislature. It becomes an Act once it is passed and assented to. It is not a statement of the state's fundamental principles.
• B. Constitution: Correct. It is the supreme document that outlines the basic principles of governance.
• C. Parliamentary proceedings: These are the day-to-day activities and debates of the legislature, not a foundational document.
• D. State manual: This is not a recognised term in political science. It could at most be a guide for procedures.

Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. constitution.

Exam tip: When you see "fundamental principles," "supreme law," or "basic rules of governance," think constitution. Remember that a bill is only a proposal and not yet law.