People's political values are continuously shaped by the following agents except

Analyze the question: The question asks which option is NOT an agent of political socialization. Political values (beliefs, attitudes, and opinions about politics) are learned through a process called political socialization.

Explain the concept: Agents of political socialization are the people, groups, and institutions that shape how we think about politics. The main ones are:

• Family: the first and most influential source of political attitudes
• Education/school: teaches civic duties, national history, and patriotism
• Peer groups: friends and age-mates
• Mass media: newspapers, radio, TV, and social media
• Religious bodies
• Political parties and pressure groups
• Workplace and trade unions

Solution, option by option:

• A. Education: Schools teach civic education, government, and national values. It is an agent.
• B. Family: Children pick up political views from their parents. It is an agent.
• C. Media: News and commentary influence public opinion. It is an agent.
• D. Ombudsman: The ombudsman (in Nigeria, the Public Complaints Commission) is an official who investigates complaints from citizens against government officials and agencies over maladministration and injustice. Its role is administrative and investigative. It is not a channel for shaping people's political values.

Answer: The ombudsman is the odd one out, so the correct option is D.

Exam tip: When you see "except" questions, first list what you know belongs to the group (here: family, school, peers, media, religion). The option that doesn't fit is your answer. Also remember: Ombudsman = complaints and public accountability, not socialization.