Bye-laws are made through

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how bye-laws are made. Bye-laws are rules made by local government councils (or other local bodies) to regulate matters within their area, such as markets, motor parks, street trading, and sanitation.

Step 2: Explain the concept Legislation is of two main types:

• Primary (direct) legislation: laws made by the legislature itself, such as Acts of the National Assembly.
• Delegated (subordinate) legislation: laws made by a body or person to whom the legislature has given lawmaking power. This includes bye-laws, statutory instruments, rules, and regulations.

The National or State Assembly passes an enabling law (a parent Act) that allows local government councils to make rules for their areas. Those rules are bye-laws, so they are made under delegated powers.

Step 3: Evaluate the options

• A. Delegated legislation: Correct. Local councils make bye-laws using powers delegated by a higher legislature.
• B. Executive instrument: This is a formal act of the executive, such as an appointment or a directive. It is not the standard way bye-laws are described.
• C. Presidential order: This is issued by the President and has nothing to do with local government lawmaking.
• D. Emergency power: This refers to special powers used in a crisis, such as a state of emergency. It is not relevant here.

Step 4: Answer Bye-laws are made through delegated legislation, which is option A.

Tip: Think "bye-law = by delegation." Whenever a body below the legislature (local councils, ministers, or agencies) makes rules under authority given by an Act, that is delegated legislation.