2022 WAEC (WASSCE) Geography Past Questions and Answers
The 2022 WAEC (WASSCE) Geography past questions with answers: 50 objective questions from the 2022 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.
Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.
Questions
- 1.
A major cause of rapid population growth rate in Tropical Africa is
- A.improved transport facilities
- B.much pressure on land
- C.malnutrition and diseases
- D.lack of family planning.
Show answer
Answer: D. lack of family planning.
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We are asked for a major cause of rapid population growth in Tropical Africa. Population growth rate depends on birth rate, death rate, and migration. Rapid growth usually means a high birth rate combined with a falling death rate.
Concept: In many Tropical African countries, birth rates remain high because of:
- Early marriage and preference for large families
- Cultural and religious beliefs that favour many children
- Children seen as labour and as security in old age
- Limited access to, or low use of, family planning and contraception
At the same time, improved healthcare has reduced death rates, so more people survive and the population grows quickly.
Evaluate each option:
- A. Improved transport facilities: This affects movement and access to services. It is not a direct cause of high birth rates, so it is not a major cause of growth.
- B. Much pressure on land: This is a consequence of population growth, not a cause.
- C. Malnutrition and diseases: These raise the death rate, which would slow population growth.
- D. Lack of family planning: This leads to high fertility and a high birth rate, which directly drives rapid growth. ✔
Answer: The correct option is D, lack of family planning.
Exam tip: In population questions, ask yourself whether an option raises birth rate or lowers death rate (causes of growth), or whether it is an effect of growth (such as pressure on land). Anything that raises death rates, such as disease and malnutrition, will not be a cause of rapid growth.
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- 2.
Which of the following climatic features describes the Equatorial climate?
- A.Double maxima rainfall regime
- B.Winter rain, summer drought
- C.Hot and dry throughout the year
- D.Single maximum rainfall regime
Show answer
Answer: A. Double maxima rainfall regime
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question You are asked to pick the feature that describes the Equatorial climate (found around 0°–5° N/S, e.g., southern Nigeria's coast, the Congo Basin, Amazon).
Step 2: Key concept Near the equator, the sun is overhead twice a year (around the March and September equinoxes). This produces two rainy seasons, known as a double maxima rainfall regime. Rainfall is heavy (often over 2000 mm per year), temperatures are high (about 27°C) with a very small annual range, and humidity is high.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Double maxima rainfall regime: Correct. Two rainfall peaks occur, typically around March–June and September–November, with a short "August break" in places like southern Nigeria.
- B. Winter rain, summer drought: This is the Mediterranean climate.
- C. Hot and dry throughout the year: This describes hot desert climates such as the Sahara.
- D. Single maximum rainfall regime: This is typical of the Tropical Continental (Sudan/Savanna) climate, with one rainy season, for example in northern Nigeria.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. Double maxima rainfall regime.
Exam tip: Link climate types to their rainfall pattern:
- Equatorial → Double maxima (two peaks)
- Tropical/Savanna → Single maximum
- Mediterranean → Winter rain, dry summer
- Desert → Hot and dry
Remember: "Equator = Even rain, Two peaks."
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- 3.
watershed in the mapped area is situated
- A.on the plain
- B.along the pass
- C.on spurs
- D.on the ridge
Show answer
Answer: D. on the ridge
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- 4.
The highest spot on the mapped area is approximately
- A.1300 metres
- B.1250 metres
- C.1150 metres
- D.1050 metres
Show answer
Answer: C. 1150 metres
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- 5.
What is the direction of flow of River Juth?
- A.Northeast
- B.Northwest
- C.Southeast
- D.Southwest
Show answer
Answer: C. Southeast
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- 6.
It is composed of layers of ash and cinders alternating with lava. lt has a broad base and steep convex slopes. The above features are associated with a
- A.batholith
- B.laccolith
- C.shield volcano
- D.composite cone
Show answer
Answer: D. composite cone
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- 7.
It is crescentic in shape and it is formed from wind deposition in arid. The statement describes
- A.loess
- B.barchan dune
- C.alluvial soil
- D.silty soil
Show answer
Answer: B. barchan dune
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a feature that is:
- crescent-shaped
- formed by wind deposition
- found in arid (desert) areas
Step 2: Explain the concept In deserts, wind carries sand and drops it when it slows down or meets an obstacle. This deposition builds different types of sand dunes. The main one with a crescent (curved, moon-like) shape is the barchan.
A barchan has these features:
- The horns (tips) of the crescent point downwind.
- The windward side has a gentle slope.
- The leeward (sheltered) side has a steep slip face.
- It forms where sand is limited and the wind blows steadily from one direction.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Loess: This is fine, wind-blown silt deposited as a thick blanket, as in parts of China. It has no crescent shape, so it is wrong.
- B. Barchan dune: This is a crescent-shaped dune formed by wind deposition in deserts, so it is correct.
- C. Alluvial soil: This is deposited by rivers, not wind, so it is wrong.
- D. Silty soil: This is a soil type defined by particle size. It has no specific crescent shape, so it is wrong.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. barchan dune.
Tip: Link "crescent" with "barchan". Think of a crescent moon sitting on the desert sand. Also remember that the horns point the way the wind is blowing.
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- 8.
In Koppens's classification of climates, Cs refers to
- A.Steppe
- B.Mediterranean
- C.Tropical Monsoon
- D.Tropical Continental
Show answer
Answer: B. Mediterranean
AI explanation
Analyze the question: Köppen's system uses letters to code climate types. You are asked what "Cs" stands for.
Explain the concept: Köppen's letters work like this:
- A = tropical climates (hot all year)
- B = dry climates (BS = steppe, BW = desert)
- C = warm temperate (mild) climates
- D = cold/snow climates
- E = polar climates
The second letter gives the rainfall pattern:
- f = rain all year
- w = dry winter
- s = dry summer
- m = monsoon
Solution:
- Cs = C (warm temperate) + s (dry summer). That describes hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, which is the Mediterranean climate. It is found around the Mediterranean Sea, in California, central Chile, the Cape region of South Africa and southwestern Australia.
Checking the other options:
- A. Steppe is BS, a dry climate, not Cs.
- C. Tropical Monsoon is Am.
- D. Tropical Continental (Sudan type/savanna) is Aw.
So the correct answer is B. Mediterranean.
Exam tip: Remember "C-s = Cool, with Summer drought" or "Cs = Constant Sun in summer." The "s" always means a dry summer, and only the Mediterranean climate has that pattern with mild temperatures. Also remember that Aw = savanna and Am = monsoon.
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- 9.
The most significant factor that led to the revolution in the Japanese industrial sector is the
- A.presence of huge copper mines
- B.existence of vast oil and gas fields
- C.military strength of the countries that aided them
- D.inputs of committed and skillful industrial workforce
Show answer
Answer: D. inputs of committed and skillful industrial workforce
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the most significant factor behind Japan's industrial revolution. Japan is well known for having very few natural resources, so we need to look for the factor that explains its success despite this.
Step 2: Explain the concept Japan's industrial growth, especially after the Meiji Restoration (1868) and again after World War II, did not depend on natural resources. Japan has to import most of its raw materials, including oil, iron ore, and coal. Its success came from human and organizational factors:
- A disciplined, hardworking, and highly skilled labour force
- Heavy investment in education and technical training
- Adoption and improvement of foreign technology
- Strong government support and good management
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Presence of huge copper mines: Incorrect. Japan has some copper, but not in quantities that could drive an industrial revolution.
- B. Existence of vast oil and gas fields: Incorrect. Japan imports almost all of its oil and gas.
- C. Military strength of the countries that aided them: Incorrect. Industrialization was driven by Japan's own effort, not by foreign military power.
- D. Inputs of committed and skillful industrial workforce: Correct. Japan's human capital is the main reason it became an industrial giant.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D.
Exam tip: When a question is about Japan's industrial success, think "people, not resources." Japan is the classic example of an industrial nation with limited raw materials, so options about mineral wealth are usually distractors.
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- 10.
A major hindrance to foreign investment in Tropical African countries is
- A.low demand for manufactured goods
- B.inadequate raw materials for industries
- C.political instability in the countries
- D.inadequate capital for investment
Show answer
Answer: C. political instability in the countries
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what discourages foreign investors from putting money into Tropical African countries. Think about what an outside investor worries about before committing capital.
Step 2: Explain the concept Foreign investors (companies or governments from abroad) look for:
- Security for their money and property
- Stable government policies
- Predictable laws and peaceful conditions
If these are missing, investors take their money elsewhere, however rich the country is in resources.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Low demand for manufactured goods: Not the main problem. Many Tropical African countries have large and growing populations, which means big markets.
- B. Inadequate raw materials for industries: Incorrect. Tropical Africa is rich in raw materials such as crude oil, cocoa, cotton, timber, and minerals. These attract investors rather than repel them.
- C. Political instability in the countries: Correct. Coups, civil wars, ethnic and religious conflicts, and frequent policy changes create risk of losing investments. Examples include conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Sudan, which scared off investors.
- D. Inadequate capital for investment: This is a problem for local investors, and it is the reason foreign investment is needed in the first place. It is not why foreigners stay away.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. political instability in the countries.
Exam tip: When a question says "hindrance to foreign investment," think about security and stability. Foreign investors need safe conditions. Shortage of capital is a local problem, while abundant raw materials are an attraction.
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- 11.
The term relative location of settlement refers to
- A.imaginary point of the settlement
- B.the nature of the buildings within the séttlement
- C.the position of buildings in relation to other buildings
- D.the position of settlements in relation to others
Show answer
Answer: D. the position of settlements in relation to others
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what "relative location of settlement" means. The key word is relative, which means "in relation to something else."
Step 2: Explain the concept In Geography, location can be described in two ways:
- Absolute location: the exact position of a place, given by coordinates (latitude and longitude). For example, Lagos is at about 6.5°N, 3.4°E.
- Relative location: the position of a place in relation to other places or features around it. For example, "Ibadan is about 130 km north-east of Lagos," or "Onitsha lies on the east bank of the River Niger."
When we apply this to settlements, relative location means where one settlement is in relation to other settlements (or to features such as rivers, roads and hills).
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Imaginary point of the settlement: This is not a definition of relative location. It sounds closer to a grid reference or a point on a map.
- B. The nature of the buildings within the settlement: This describes the settlement's character or morphology, not its location.
- C. The position of buildings in relation to other buildings: This describes the internal layout of a settlement (its pattern or plan), not where the settlement sits. It is a distractor.
- D. The position of settlements in relation to others: This matches the definition. It compares one settlement's position with another's.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D.
Tip: Link the words. Absolute = exact (coordinates). Relative = relation (to other places). If an option says "in relation to," check whether it is talking about settlements (location) or buildings (layout), because WAEC often uses this kind of trap.
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- 12.
The best way of solving transportation problems in a cosmopolitan city is
- A.use of air transport system
- B.construction of feeder roads
- C.purchase of many speed boats and ships
- D.integrated transport system involving all modes
Show answer
Answer: D. integrated transport system involving all modes
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the best way to solve transportation problems in a cosmopolitan city, meaning a large, busy city with a diverse and dense population (such as Lagos, Abuja or Port Harcourt). Such cities have heavy traffic, many commuters and many different transport needs.
Step 2: Explain the concept An integrated transport system combines different modes of transport (road, rail, water, and sometimes air) so that they work together as one network. Examples include:
- Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) linked to train services
- Ferries or water transport connected to bus terminals
- Shared ticketing and well-planned interchange points
This spreads passenger and freight load across several modes, reduces congestion on any single one, and gives commuters more choice.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Air transport system: Too expensive and unsuitable for short, daily commutes within a city. It serves long-distance travel, not urban movement.
- B. Feeder roads: These help connect rural or farming areas to main roads. They help access, but more roads alone do not solve congestion in a big city. They only solve part of the problem.
- C. Speed boats and ships: These work only where waterways exist, and they serve only a small share of commuters. This is not a general solution.
- D. Integrated transport system involving all modes: A comprehensive approach that tackles the problem from every side. This is the best option.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is D. integrated transport system involving all modes.
Tip: In "best way" or "best solution" questions, look for the option that is comprehensive (words like "integrated," "all," "combined"). The other options usually address only one narrow part of the problem.
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- 13.
Figure 1 represents the export of rice by four regions in Country XX in the year 2009. One dot represents 20,000 tonnes of exported rice was used as the scale of the dot map. Study and use the dot map below to answer this question. By how much tonnes was the export of rice from region T higher than that from region U?
- A.20,000
- B.40,000
- C.60,000
- D.80,000
Show answer
Answer: B. 40,000
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- 14.
Which of the following reasons account for the low traffic on rivers in Africa?
- A.Presence of rapids and waterfalls
- B.Only used for fishing
- C.Wide valleys
- D.Change of colour during rainy seas
Show answer
Answer: A. Presence of rapids and waterfalls
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks why African rivers carry little traffic (are of limited use for navigation and transport).
Explain the concept: For a river to be good for transport, it must be navigable over long stretches. This means it needs a steady depth, a gentle gradient, and no obstacles. Many African rivers flow over plateaus and drop sharply to the coastal plains. This creates rapids, cataracts and waterfalls that break navigation into short sections.
Examples:
- River Congo: Livingstone Falls block access from the sea.
- River Nile: cataracts between Khartoum and Aswan.
- River Niger: rapids such as those at Bussa.
- River Zambezi: Victoria Falls.
Other contributing factors include seasonal flow (shallow in the dry season) and sandbars or silting at the river mouths.
Step-by-step evaluation of the options:
- A. Presence of rapids and waterfalls: Correct. These obstruct continuous navigation, so ships and boats cannot travel far.
- B. Only used for fishing: This is a result, not a cause. Rivers are also used for irrigation, water supply and hydroelectric power.
- C. Wide valleys: Wide valleys do not hinder navigation. Wide, gently sloping river sections often help it.
- D. Change of colour during rainy season: The colour of the water has no effect on navigation.
Answer: The correct option is A.
Exam tip: When you see "low traffic/navigation on African rivers", think "RAPIDS and WATERFALLS = Roadblocks". Also remember related points such as seasonal flow and silting at river mouths, because they often appear in essay questions.
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- 15.
The transport system which is most affected by climatic factors is
- A.water transport
- B.rail transport
- C.road transport
- D.air transport
Show answer
Answer: D. air transport
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which mode of transport is most affected by climate (weather) factors such as fog, storms, wind, rain, visibility, and temperature.
Step 2: Explain the concept Different transport modes respond differently to climate:
- Water transport: Affected by storms, strong waves, fog, and seasonal changes in river levels (e.g., low water in the dry season on the Niger and Benue). It is affected considerably, but ships and boats can often adapt or wait out bad weather.
- Rail transport: Largely fixed on tracks and the least affected. Only extreme heat (track buckling) or flooding causes problems.
- Road transport: Affected by heavy rain, floods, erosion, and harmattan haze. Nigerian roads often become bad in the rainy season, but vehicles can usually still move with care.
- Air transport: Highly sensitive to weather. Low visibility from fog or harmattan dust haze, thunderstorms, strong winds, lightning, and turbulence can cause delays, diversions, or cancellations of flights. In Nigeria, harmattan haze often disrupts flights at airports in Kano, Lagos, and Abuja.
Step 3: Solve Comparing all four, air transport depends most on clear weather for safe takeoff, flight, and landing. A small change in visibility or wind can ground flights completely, whereas the other modes can usually continue, perhaps at a slower pace.
Step 4: Answer The transport system most affected by climatic factors is air transport, which is option D.
Tip: Remember "the higher and faster the transport, the more weather matters." Air transport depends on visibility and wind, so it ranks highest for climate sensitivity. Rail, being fixed on tracks, is usually the least affected.
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- 16.
Figure 1 represents the export of rice by four regions in Country XX in the year 2009. One dot represents 20,000 tonnes of exported rice was used as the scale of the dot map. Study and use the dot map below to answer this question. Which region exported the highest tonnes of rice?
- A.R
- B.U
- C.S
- D.T
Show answer
Answer: A. R
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- 17.
Which type of mountain is also called the mountain of denudation?
- A.Block mountain
- B.Volcanic mountain
- C.Residual mountain
- D.Fold mountain
Show answer
Answer: C. Residual mountain
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- 18.
If the total population of a country is 75,000,000 and its total land area is 250,000km², what is its population density?
- A.30 persons per km²
- B.300 persons per km²
- C.350 persons per km²
- D.500 persons per km²
Show answer
Answer: B. 300 persons per km²
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question You are asked to find population density, which tells us how many people live in each square kilometre of land on average. Step 2: The concept Population density = Total population ÷ Total land area Step 3: Solution Population density = 75,000,000 ÷ 250,000 Cancel the zeros (divide both by 1,000): = 75,000 ÷ 250 Now divide: 250 × 300 = 75,000 So, population density = 300 persons per km² Step 4: Answer Tip: In density questions, cancel the common zeros first to make the division easier. Always check that your unit is "persons per km²". You can also quickly check your answer by multiplying back: 300 × 250,000 = 75,000,000 ✔.AI can make mistakes. Report anything that looks wrong.
- 19.
Which of the following statements, is accurate?
- A.There is a distance of 111km for every 1° of latitudinal difference
- B.A time difference of 4 minutes exists for every 15° of longitude
- C.Any two opposite lines of latitudes make a Great Circle
- D.The sun is overhead at noon at Tropic of Cancer on December 22
Show answer
Answer: A. There is a distance of 111km for every 1° of latitudinal difference
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We need to find the one true statement about latitude, longitude, and the sun's position.
Concept review:
- Earth's circumference is about 40,000 km, so 1° of latitude ≈ 40,000 ÷ 360 ≈ 111 km.
- Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, so 15° of longitude = 1 hour, and 1° = 4 minutes.
- A Great Circle divides the Earth into two equal halves (its plane passes through the Earth's centre). The equator is the only latitude that is a great circle. Every longitude pair (meridian and its opposite) forms one.
- The sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23½°N) on June 21, and at the Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S) on December 22.
Checking each option:
- A. 1° of latitude ≈ 111 km. True. Parallels of latitude are evenly spaced, so this holds everywhere.
- B. "4 minutes for every 15° of longitude" is false. The correct statement is 4 minutes for every 1° (or 1 hour for every 15°).
- C. Two opposite lines of latitude do not form a great circle, since latitudes (except the equator) are small circles. Opposite meridians of longitude do. False.
- D. On December 22 the overhead sun is at the Tropic of Capricorn, not Cancer. False.
Correct answer: A
Tip: Remember the numbers "111 km per 1° latitude" and "4 minutes per 1° longitude." Examiners often swap 4 minutes and 15° to trick you. Also remember: only the equator is a great circle among the latitudes, while all longitudes (in opposite pairs) are great circles.
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- 20.
The formation of block mountains are best associated with
- A.accumulation of materials ejected from within the earth's crust
- B.solidification of magma within the earth's crust
- C.uplifting of crustal block within two parallel faults
- D.vertical movement of sediments into geosynclines
Show answer
Answer: C. uplifting of crustal block within two parallel faults
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which process is best linked to the formation of block mountains (also called horst mountains).
Step 2: Explain the concept Block mountains form through faulting. When tensional forces (pulling apart) or compressional forces act on the crust, it cracks along fault lines. A block of land between two roughly parallel faults can be raised relative to the land on either side (or the surrounding land sinks). The raised block is called a horst, and the sunken area is a graben (rift valley).
Examples include the Ruwenzori Mountains (East Africa), the Black Forest and Vosges (Europe), and the Jos Plateau-type uplifted blocks in parts of Nigeria.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Accumulation of materials ejected from within the earth's crust: This describes volcanic mountains (e.g., Mount Cameroon), formed from lava and ash piling up. ✘
- B. Solidification of magma within the earth's crust: This describes intrusive igneous features such as batholiths and laccoliths. ✘
- C. Uplifting of crustal block within two parallel faults: This is exactly how a horst or block mountain forms. ✔
- D. Vertical movement of sediments into geosynclines: This relates to the formation of fold mountains, where sediments accumulate in geosynclines and are later compressed and folded. ✘
Step 4: Answer
Tip: Link each mountain type to its keyword:
- Block → Faults (horst and graben)
- Fold → Folding/Geosyncline
- Volcanic → Lava/Ejected materials
- Residual → Erosion
Whenever you see "faults" in an option, think block mountains.
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- 21.
If the map is reduced by half its original size, what would be the scale of the new map?
- A.1:25,000
- B.1:50,000
- C.1:100,000
- D.1:150,000
Show answer
Answer: C. 1:100,000
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- 22.
Which of the following is a factor of population growth?
- A.Climate
- B.Relief
- C.Birth rate
- D.Soil fertility
Show answer
Answer: C. Birth rate
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which option is a factor of population growth, meaning something that directly changes the number of people in a place over time.
Step 2: Explain the concept Population growth depends on three direct demographic components:
- Birth rate (fertility): the number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
- Death rate (mortality): the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
- Migration: people moving in (immigration) or out (emigration).
The formula is:
Population change = (Births − Deaths) + (Immigrants − Emigrants)
When births exceed deaths, the population grows (natural increase).
Step 3: Examine each option
- A. Climate: This is a physical factor that affects where people settle (population distribution), not the growth itself.
- B. Relief: Landforms such as highlands or plains affect population distribution and density, not growth.
- C. Birth rate: A direct demographic factor. A high birth rate increases population size.
- D. Soil fertility: This affects farming and settlement patterns (distribution), not growth directly.
Step 4: Answer Only birth rate directly determines how fast a population grows.
Exam tip: Remember the difference between the two ideas:
- Population growth is driven by births, deaths, and migration.
- Population distribution is driven by climate, relief, soil, water, and resources.
If the question mentions "growth" or "increase," look for birth rate, death rate, or migration among the options.
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- 23.
The term pyroclastic best describes
- A.sediments accumulated in deep sea
- B.a wind-blown sand from desert regions
- C.eroded materials deposited at the mouth of a river
- D.fragmented materials ejected by volcanoes
Show answer
Answer: D. fragmented materials ejected by volcanoes
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what the term "pyroclastic" best describes. Breaking the word down helps.
Step 2: Explain the concept "Pyroclastic" comes from two Greek words:
- pyro = fire
- clastic = broken pieces or fragments
So pyroclastic literally means "fire-broken." It refers to rock fragments produced and thrown out during explosive volcanic eruptions. These include:
- Volcanic ash (very fine particles)
- Lapilli (small stones)
- Volcanic bombs and blocks (large fragments)
- Pumice and cinders
Pyroclastic flows are fast-moving clouds of hot gas and these fragments rushing down a volcano's slopes.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Sediments accumulated in deep sea. These are marine (pelagic) sediments, such as oozes. They have nothing to do with volcanic fire.
- B. Wind-blown sand from desert regions. These are aeolian deposits, such as dunes and loess.
- C. Eroded materials deposited at the mouth of a river. These are alluvial or deltaic deposits.
- D. Fragmented materials ejected by volcanoes. This matches the meaning of pyroclastic exactly: fragments ("clastic") from volcanic fire ("pyro").
Step 4: Answer
Exam tip: Break difficult Geography terms into their roots. Pyro = fire, clastic = fragments, so "pyroclastic" means fire fragments. Similarly, aeolian relates to wind, fluvial to rivers, and glacial to ice.
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- 24.
A small difference between the readings of the wet and dry bulb thermometers is an indication of
- A.low relative humidity
- B.condensed air
- C.saturated air
- D.high relative humidity
Show answer
Answer: D. high relative humidity
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The wet and dry bulb thermometers together make up a hygrometer (psychrometer). The question asks what a small difference between their readings tells us.
Explain the concept:
- The dry bulb measures the actual air temperature.
- The wet bulb has a wet muslin wick around it. Water evaporates from the wick and cools the bulb, so it reads lower than the dry bulb.
- How much evaporation happens depends on how dry the air is: • Dry air takes up lots of moisture, so evaporation is fast. The wet bulb cools a lot, giving a large difference and low relative humidity. • Moist air is already near its moisture limit, so evaporation is slow. The wet bulb cools only a little, giving a small difference and high relative humidity. • Saturated air (100% RH) allows no net evaporation, so the difference is zero.
Solution:
- A small difference means little evaporation, so the air is already holding a lot of water vapour. That means high relative humidity.
- Option A (low RH) is wrong because that would give a large difference.
- Option B (condensed air) is not a proper meteorological term.
- Option C (saturated air) would need the difference to be zero, not just small.
- Option D (high relative humidity) fits a small difference.
Answer: D. high relative humidity
Tip: Remember "Small gap = Sticky air". A small gap between the thermometers means humid, sticky air. A big gap means dry air. If the gap is zero, the air is saturated.
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- 25.
The type of cloud from which thunderstorms and heavy rain are experienced in the Tropics is
- A.altostratus
- B.cirrus
- C.cumulus
- D.cumulo-nimbus
Show answer
Answer: D. cumulo-nimbus
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- 26.
The distance as the crow flies from Bukola to Balu is approximately
- A.2.8km
- B.3.8km
- C.4.8km
- D.7.8km
Show answer
Answer: D. 7.8km
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- 27.
The commercial centre in the mapped area is
- A.NONSO
- B.Adaku
- C.Bukola
- D.Balu
Show answer
Answer: A. NONSO
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- 28.
Which of the following statements is not accurate about sea and land breeze?
- A.Air blows from the sea to the land during the day
- B.Air blows from the land to the sea during the night
- C.Land warms up more slowly than the sea during the day
- D.Sea warms up more slowly than the land during the day
Show answer
Answer: C. Land warms up more slowly than the sea during the day
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- 29.
The trade liberalization policy of ECOWAS is aimed at
- A.fostering unity and peace among member states
- B.taking a common stand on the World issues
- C.promoting economic integration
- D.ensuring cultural cooperation
Show answer
Answer: C. promoting economic integration
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the aim of ECOWAS's trade liberalization policy. The key phrase is "trade liberalization," which is an economic idea.
Step 2: Explain the concept
- ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) was founded in 1975 (Treaty of Lagos) by countries including Nigeria, Ghana, and others.
- Trade liberalization means removing or reducing barriers to trade, such as tariffs, quotas, and customs duties, so that goods and services move freely among member countries.
- The goal is to create a larger, shared market, which boosts trade, production, and growth. This is called economic integration.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Fostering unity and peace among member states: This is a political and security aim (for example, ECOMOG and conflict resolution), not the purpose of trade policy.
- B. Taking a common stand on world issues: This is about diplomacy and political cooperation, not trade.
- C. Promoting economic integration: This matches. Removing trade barriers links the economies of member states.
- D. Ensuring cultural cooperation: This is a social and cultural aim, unrelated to trade policy.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. promoting economic integration.
Exam tip: Match the keyword in the question to the type of answer. "Trade," "tariffs," and "liberalization" point to economic answers. Words like "peace," "unity," or "culture" point to political or social aims. Also remember that the "E" in ECOWAS stands for Economic, so economic integration is its core purpose.
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- 30.
The least important factor in the location of settlements is the availability of
- A.surface water
- B.mineral deposits
- C.land for building
- D.fertile soil
Show answer
Answer: B. mineral deposits
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We're asked which factor matters least when people choose where to build a settlement.
Explain the concept: Settlement location depends on site and situation factors. The most important are:
- Water supply: people need water for drinking, cooking, farming and livestock. This is often the first requirement.
- Land for building: the site must be flat or gently sloping, dry and stable enough to build on.
- Fertile soil: early settlements depended on farming, so good soil supported food production.
- Others: defence, climate, transport routes, security and trade.
Evaluate each option:
- A. Surface water: essential for survival, so it is very important.
- B. Mineral deposits: these matter only for specialised settlements such as mining towns (e.g. Jos for tin, Enugu for coal, Warri/Port Harcourt for oil). Most settlements, such as farming villages, markets and river towns, do not depend on minerals. This makes it the least general factor.
- C. Land for building: a settlement cannot exist without space to build, so it is basic.
- D. Fertile soil: it is very important for agricultural communities.
Answer: Mineral deposits are the least important in general. They only influence a few specialised settlements, while water, building land and fertile soil influence almost all of them.
Tip: For "least important" questions, look for the factor that applies only to special cases. Water, land and food are universal needs, while minerals are specific to certain places.
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- 31.
The term overpopulation could best be described as a situation where
- A.there is high population density
- B.birth rate is equal to death rate
- C.the population exceeds the available resources
- D.there is an increasing birth rate and a decreasing infant mortality rate.
Show answer
Answer: C. the population exceeds the available resources
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the best description of overpopulation. We need a definition that links the number of people to something else, not just a population figure.
Step 2: Explain the concept Overpopulation means there are more people living in an area than the available resources (food, water, housing, jobs, social services) can adequately support. The key idea is the balance between people and resources, not just how many people there are.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. High population density: Density only tells us how many people live per square kilometre. A place like the Netherlands or Lagos city can be densely populated and still have enough resources and infrastructure. High density does not automatically mean overpopulation. ❌
- B. Birth rate equal to death rate: This describes a stationary (stable) population, where growth is zero. It has nothing to do with overpopulation. ❌
- C. Population exceeds the available resources: This is the standard definition of overpopulation. The population is too large for the resources to support a good standard of living. ✅
- D. Increasing birth rate and decreasing infant mortality rate: This describes factors that can lead to rapid population growth, but it is not a definition of overpopulation. ❌
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C.
Exam tip: Remember the contrast between the terms:
- Overpopulation → people > resources
- Underpopulation → resources > people (the population is too small to use the resources fully)
- Optimum population → the ideal balance between people and resources
Whenever you see "overpopulation," think "resources can't cope." Density alone is never the answer.
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- 32.
Transportation helps economic development through all the following except the
- A.diffusion of ideas and technology
- B.promotion of national and international trade
- C.movement of people and commodities
- D.distribution of population
Show answer
Answer: D. distribution of population
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- 33.
In its old stage, a river would I. be interrupted by waterfalls and rapids II. flow sluggishly and develop pronounced meanders III. flow fast and have truncated spurs IV. develop levees and have a flood plain
- A.II and IV only
- B.Il and lIl only
- C.I and II only
- D.Ill and IV only
Show answer
Answer: A. II and IV only
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks which features belong to the old stage (lower course) of a river.
Concept: A river has three stages.
- Youthful (upper course): The river has steep gradient and high energy, and it erodes vertically. Features are V-shaped valleys, interlocking/truncated spurs, waterfalls, rapids and gorges.
- Mature (middle course): The river flows more gently, erodes laterally, and the valley widens. Features are the beginnings of meanders and tributaries joining.
- Old (lower course): The gradient is very gentle, the river flows slowly, and it deposits more than it erodes. Features are pronounced meanders, ox-bow lakes, a wide flood plain, levees and deltas.
Check each statement:
- I. Interrupted by waterfalls and rapids: These occur in the youthful stage, where hard and soft rocks alternate on a steep slope. ✗
- II. Flows sluggishly and develops pronounced meanders: This is typical of the old stage, with its low gradient and lateral erosion. ✓
- III. Flows fast and has truncated spurs: These are upper-course features, formed by vigorous erosion. ✗
- IV. Develops levees and a flood plain: These come from deposition during floods in the lower course. ✓
So the correct statements are II and IV only.
Exam tip: Match the stage to the process. Old stage means slow, depositing, so look for meanders, ox-bow lakes, levees, flood plains and deltas. Youthful stage means fast, eroding, so look for waterfalls, rapids, gorges, V-shaped valleys and truncated spurs.
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- 34.
One of the major problems of manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa is
- A.high quality of the industrial labour
- B.high cost of labour
- C.inadequate raw materials
- D.overproduction of manufactured goods
Show answer
Answer: C. inadequate raw materials
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a major problem facing manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa. We need the option that describes a real challenge, not an advantage.
Step 2: Concept Manufacturing in Tropical Africa is held back by several factors:
- Inadequate capital and poor technology
- Poor transport and unreliable power supply
- Small local markets because of low purchasing power
- Shortage of skilled labour
- Irregular or inadequate supply of raw materials, since many industries depend on agriculture or mining that is poorly developed or seasonal
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. High quality of industrial labour: This is not a problem, and it is untrue for the region. The usual issue is a shortage of skilled labour.
- B. High cost of labour: Labour in Tropical Africa is generally cheap and abundant, so this is not a major problem.
- C. Inadequate raw materials: Many industries struggle with insufficient or inconsistent supplies of raw materials, such as low agricultural output, seasonal supply, and poor processing or mining.
- D. Overproduction of manufactured goods: The region's industries often produce too little and the region imports many goods, so overproduction is not the problem.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. inadequate raw materials.
Tip: In "problems of industries in Africa" questions, eliminate options that sound like advantages (high-quality labour) or contradict the region's reality (expensive labour, overproduction). Look for words like inadequate, poor, low, or shortage. These usually point to the correct answer.
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- 35.
Lines drawn on maps joining places With equal amount of cloud cover are called,
- A.isohyets
- B.isobars
- C.isonephs
- D.contours
Show answer
Answer: C. isonephs
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the name of the lines on a map that join places with an equal amount of cloud cover.
Step 2: Explain the concept In climatology and map work, "iso-" means "equal". The rest of the word tells you what is being measured:
- Isohyets: lines joining places with equal rainfall
- Isobars: lines joining places with equal atmospheric pressure
- Isonephs: lines joining places with equal cloud cover (the Greek word nephos means cloud)
- Contours: lines joining places with equal height above sea level
- Isotherms (not in the options): lines joining places with equal temperature
Step 3: Solve step by step
- Identify the key phrase: "equal amount of cloud cover".
- Match it to the word root: neph- means cloud, so the word is isoneph.
- Eliminate the others: • A (isohyets) is rainfall, so it is wrong. • B (isobars) is pressure, so it is wrong. • D (contours) is height or relief, so it is wrong.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. isonephs.
Tip: Link each "iso" word to its root:
- hyet sounds like "wet" (rain)
- bar is for barometer (pressure)
- neph is for nephology, the study of clouds
- therm is for thermometer (temperature)
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- 36.
Which of the following coastal features is not due to erosion'?
- A.Bay
- B.Cliff
- C.Beach
- D.Arch
Show answer
Answer: C. Beach
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We need the coastal feature that is NOT formed by erosion. In other words, three of the options are erosional and one is depositional.
Explain the concept: Coastal processes produce two groups of landforms:
- Erosional features (made by waves wearing away the land through hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition): cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps, and bays (headlands and bays form where softer rock is eroded faster than harder rock).
- Depositional features (made when waves and currents drop material): beaches, spits, bars, tombolos, and sand dunes.
Solution, option by option:
- A. Bay: Formed when waves erode softer rock faster, leaving a curved indentation in the coast. This is erosional.
- B. Cliff: Formed when waves undercut the base of a rock face, which then collapses and retreats. This is erosional.
- C. Beach: Formed by the deposition of sand, shingle and pebbles brought by waves. This is depositional, not erosional.
- D. Arch: Formed when waves erode a cave through a headland until it breaks through. This is erosional.
Answer: The beach is the feature not due to erosion, so the answer is C.
Exam tip: Remember "Beaches are Built," meaning deposited. Features like spits, bars, tombolos and beaches are built up by deposition. Features such as cliffs, caves, arches and stacks are cut out by erosion. When you see "not due to erosion," look for the deposition word in your memory.
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- 37.
The weathering process which is commonly found in limestone regions is
- A.hydrolysis
- B.exfoliation
- C.oxidation
- D.solution
Show answer
Answer: D. solution
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- 38.
Which of the following is the leading industrial zone in the West African sub-region?
- A.Western industrial zone of Nigeria
- B.Accra-Tema industrial zone of Ghana
- C.Freetown industrial zone of Sierra Leone
- D.Banjul industrial Zone of The Gambia
Show answer
Answer: A. Western industrial zone of Nigeria
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks which industrial zone leads the whole of West Africa, so we need the region with the largest concentration of industries, the biggest market and the best infrastructure.
Concept: Industrial zones grow where there are:
- a large population (a ready market)
- good power supply and transport (ports, roads, rail)
- raw materials and capital
- government support
Evaluating the options:
- A. Western industrial zone of Nigeria: This zone centres on Lagos, Ikeja, Agbara, Ibadan and Abeokuta. It has the largest consumer market in Africa, major seaports (Apapa and Tin Can), and an international airport. It also has the greatest variety of industries, including textiles, food processing, breweries, automobile assembly, pharmaceuticals, and metal and plastic products. This makes it the leading industrial zone in West Africa.
- B. Accra-Tema (Ghana): It is important, with Tema port, the aluminium smelter (VALCO) and oil refining, but it is smaller than Lagos-Ikeja in scale, output and market size.
- C. Freetown (Sierra Leone): The industries are small-scale and limited by a small market and a history of conflict.
- D. Banjul (The Gambia): The country is very small, with a very limited industrial base.
Exam tip: For "leading in West Africa" questions, think of Nigeria. It has the largest population and economy, and so the largest industrial base. Remember Lagos as the industrial hub, and Accra-Tema as the second-ranked one.
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- 39.
What is the scale of the map in statement form?
- A.One centimeter on the map represents ½ kilometer on the ground
- B.One centimeter on the map represents 1 kilometer on the ground
- C.One centimeter on the map represents 2 kilometers on the ground
- D.One centimeter on the map represents 5 kilometers on the ground
Show answer
Answer: C. One centimeter on the map represents 2 kilometers on the ground
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- 40.
The total export of rice for regions R and T is
- A.180,000 tonnes
- B.210,000 tonnes
- C.260.000 tonnes
- D.340,000 tonnes
Show answer
Answer: D. 340,000 tonnes
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- 41.
Which of the following settlements is nucleated?
- A.Bukola
- B.Datsu
- C.Adaku
- D.NONSO
Show answer
Answer: C. Adaku
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- 42.
What is the contour interval on the mapped area?
- A.50 metres
- B.100 metres
- C.200 metres
- D.300 metres
Show answer
Answer: B. 100 metres
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- 43.
Which of the following is a process of wind erosion?
- A.Deflation
- B.Saltation
- C.Solution
- D.Traction
Show answer
Answer: A. Deflation
AI explanation
Analyze the question The question asks which option is a process of wind erosion, meaning how wind actually wears away or removes material from the land surface.
Explain the concept Wind does its work in two ways, so it helps to separate them.
Erosional processes (wearing away and removing material):
- Deflation: wind blows away loose, fine particles such as sand and dust, lowering the land surface. This can form deflation hollows or depressions, like the Qattara Depression.
- Abrasion: wind-blown particles sand-blast rock surfaces and wear them down.
- Attrition: the particles collide with each other and break into smaller pieces.
Transportational processes (how the material is carried):
- Suspension: very fine dust is carried in the air.
- Saltation: sand grains bounce along the ground in short hops.
- Surface creep/traction: heavier grains roll or slide along the ground.
Go through the options
- A. Deflation: a true wind erosion process, since it removes loose material.
- B. Saltation: this is a wind transportation process. It is related to erosion, but it describes how material moves, not how it is eroded.
- C. Solution: a chemical weathering and erosion process of water, such as limestone dissolving in water. It is not caused by wind.
- D. Traction: a transportation process, mainly of rivers and also wind, where heavy particles roll along.
Answer Strictly speaking, deflation is the only option that is an erosion process of wind. Saltation and traction are transportation processes, and solution is a water process.
Tip Remember D.A.A for wind erosion: Deflation, Abrasion, Attrition. Then remember S.S.S. for transport: Suspension, Saltation, Surface creep (traction). If a question asks for erosion, pick from the first group. If it asks for transport, pick from the second.
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- 44.
Two towns, P and Q, are on the International Date Line and in the same hemisphere. If the distance between the two towns is 444knm and town P Is located on latitude 3°N, on what latitude is town Q located?
- A.10°N
- B.7°N
- C.4°N
- D.1°N
Show answer
Answer: B. 7°N
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- 45.
Which of the following pairs are characteristics of igneous rocks? They I. are stratified II are metamorphosed rocks III. are crystalline IV. originate from molten magma
- A.I and II only
- B.II and III only
- C.II and IV only
- D.IIl and IV only
Show answer
Answer: D. IIl and IV only
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We need the statements that correctly describe igneous rocks.
Step 2: The concept Igneous rocks (e.g., granite, basalt, gabbro) form when molten magma or lava cools and solidifies. Because of this origin, they have particular features:
- They are crystalline, made of interlocking mineral crystals. Slow cooling underground gives large crystals (granite), and fast cooling on the surface gives small crystals (basalt).
- They originate from molten magma (or lava).
- They are not stratified (not layered into beds). Layering is typical of sedimentary rocks.
- They are not metamorphosed. Metamorphic rocks are changed by heat and pressure, such as marble from limestone.
Step 3: Check each statement
- I. Are stratified: False. This describes sedimentary rocks.
- II. Are metamorphosed rocks: False. This describes metamorphic rocks.
- III. Are crystalline: True.
- IV. Originate from molten magma: True.
Step 4: Answer Statements III and IV are correct, so the answer is D (III and IV only). The "IIl" in option D is just a typing quirk for "III".
Tip: Link each rock type to a key word:
- Igneous → fire/magma, crystals
- Sedimentary → strata/layers, fossils
- Metamorphic → changed by heat and pressure
If you see "stratified" or "fossils", think sedimentary, and eliminate those options quickly.
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- 46.
Which of the following landforms is not associated with an advancing shoreline?
- A.spit
- B.stack
- C.beach
- D.tombolo
Show answer
Answer: B. stack
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We need the landform that is NOT associated with an advancing shoreline, which is a coastline growing seaward through deposition.
Explain the concept:
- Advancing (emergent or depositional) shoreline: The coast builds outward as sediment is deposited. Typical features are beaches, spits, bars, tombolos and sand dunes.
- Retreating shoreline: The coast is cut back by wave erosion. Typical features are cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks.
Step-by-step solution:
- A. Spit is a long ridge of sand or shingle attached to the land at one end. It is formed by deposition, so it belongs to an advancing shoreline.
- B. Stack is an isolated pillar of rock left standing after an arch collapses. It is formed by erosion, so it belongs to a retreating shoreline.
- C. Beach is an accumulation of sand or shingle. It is formed by deposition, so it belongs to an advancing shoreline.
- D. Tombolo is a deposit of sand or shingle linking an island to the mainland. It is formed by deposition, so it belongs to an advancing shoreline.
Only the stack is an erosional feature, so it is the odd one out.
Answer: B. Stack
Tip: Think "build vs. break". Depositional features (spit, bar, beach, tombolo) build land outward. Erosional features (cliff, cave, arch, stack) break the land down. A stack is the last stage of the erosion sequence: cliff → cave → arch → stack → stump.
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- 47.
The sharp pillars hanging from the roof of a cavern in limestone regions are called
- A.dolines
- B.stalagmites
- C.uvalas
- D.Stalactites
Show answer
Answer: D. Stalactites
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- 48.
The movement of the earth that causes variation in the length of the day and night is
- A.traction
- B.revolution
- C.rotation
- D.coriolis
Show answer
Answer: B. revolution
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which movement of the Earth causes variation in the length of day and night.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Rotation: The Earth spinning on its axis once every 24 hours. This causes the alternation of day and night.
- Revolution: The Earth's orbit around the Sun, which takes about 365¼ days. Because the Earth's axis is tilted at 23½° and stays pointed in the same direction as it orbits, different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of sunlight at different times of the year. This causes variation in the length of day and night, and also the seasons.
- Traction: Not an Earth movement. It is a term for a pulling or dragging force (for example, glacial or river-bed transport).
- Coriolis: This is an effect of rotation that deflects winds and ocean currents (right in the Northern Hemisphere, left in the Southern Hemisphere). It does not affect the length of day.
Step 3: Work through it
- Rotation alone gives day and night every 24 hours, but if it were the only movement, every place would have equal day and night all year.
- The variation in length (longer days in summer, shorter in winter, such as at higher latitudes) exists only because the Earth revolves around the Sun with a tilted axis.
- Only at the equinoxes (around 21 March and 23 September) are day and night equal everywhere.
Step 4: Answer The movement that causes variation in the length of day and night is revolution, which is option B.
Exam tip: Remember: Rotation = Representing day and night (alternation); Revolution = seasons and Variation in length. If a question uses the word "variation" or "seasons," think revolution plus axial tilt. If it says "day and night occur," think rotation.
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- 49.
Which of the following is a light industry?
- A.Petroleum industry
- B.Metallurgical industry
- C.Textile industry
- D.Shipbuilding industry
Show answer
Answer: C. Textile industry
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which option is a light industry.
Step 2: Explain the concept Industries are often classed by the weight and bulk of their raw materials and products:
- Heavy industries use large, heavy, bulky raw materials, need large capital, big factory space, and lots of power. They often produce goods used by other industries. Examples: iron and steel, shipbuilding, petroleum refining, and metal smelting.
- Light industries use smaller, lighter raw materials, need less capital and space, and produce consumer goods. Examples: textiles, food processing, electronics, garments, and footwear.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Petroleum industry: Involves refining crude oil with massive plants and heavy capital. This is a heavy industry.
- B. Metallurgical industry: Involves smelting and refining metals from bulky ores. This is a heavy industry.
- C. Textile industry: Turns fibres such as cotton into fabric and clothing. The products are light and sold directly to consumers. This is a light industry.
- D. Shipbuilding industry: Involves huge, heavy steel structures and large capital. This is a heavy industry.
Step 4: Answer
Tip: Think of light industry as "things you can wear, eat, or carry" (clothes, biscuits, radios). Heavy industry is "things that are big, steel, or fuel" (ships, steel, oil refining). Textile is a classic light industry example in Nigerian exams, such as in Kaduna and Lagos.
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- 50.
The growth of NONSO settlement is probably because
- A.NONSO settlement has a court
- B.NONSO is situated at the foot of a ridge
- C.NONSO is a port town
- D.NONSO is a nodal town
Show answer
Answer: C. NONSO is a port town
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