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WAEC (WASSCE) 2021

2021 WAEC (WASSCE) Geography Past Questions and Answers

The 2021 WAEC (WASSCE) Geography past questions with answers: 50 objective questions from the 2021 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.

Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.

Questions

  1. 1.

    Wich of the following is most affected by drought and flood

    1. A.ocean transport
    2. B.road transport
    3. C.air transport
    4. D.river transport
    Show answer

    Answer: D. river transport

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: We need the mode of transport that depends most directly on water levels, since drought means too little water and flood means too much.

    Explain the concept:

    • Drought lowers water levels in rivers. Channels become shallow, sandbars appear, and boats and barges can't pass or must carry lighter loads.
    • Flood raises water levels and increases flow speed. It can wash away landing jetties and make navigation dangerous. Floating debris and strong currents also disrupt movement.
    • Inland waterways like the Niger and Benue rivers in Nigeria are seasonal. Navigation is good in the rainy season but poor in the dry season, and flooding can disrupt it at peak rainfall.

    Step-by-step evaluation:

    • A. Ocean transport: The sea is huge and deep, so its level isn't noticeably changed by drought or local floods. Ships are only affected by storms, not these events.
    • B. Road transport: Floods can damage roads and bridges, but drought barely affects roads. So it's affected mostly by only one of the two.
    • C. Air transport: Aircraft fly above both conditions, and are mainly affected by weather like fog, storms, and poor visibility.
    • D. River transport: Affected by both. Drought makes rivers too shallow, and flood makes them dangerous and unpredictable. This is the best fit.

    Answer: D, river transport.

    Exam tip: When a question mentions both drought and flood, look for the option that depends directly on water volume. Rivers fit because their level rises and falls with rainfall. Remember: "Rivers rise and fall with rain, so river transport rises and falls with it too."

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  2. 2.

    Which of the following towns has the best natural harbour in West Africa?

    1. A.port-harcourt
    2. B.takoradi
    3. C.freetown
    4. D.monrovia
    Show answer

    Answer: C. freetown

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question The question asks which town has the best natural harbour in West Africa. A natural harbour is a deep, sheltered body of water formed by nature (such as a drowned river estuary or a bay), without needing much human engineering like breakwaters or heavy dredging.

    Explain the concept Natural harbours are usually formed by submergence of a river valley (a ria coast) or by sheltered bays. They are deep, wide and protected from strong waves and storms. This lets large ships anchor safely.

    Examine each option

    • A. Port Harcourt: This is a river port on the Bonny River in the Niger Delta. It is far inland and needs constant dredging because of silt. It is not a natural deep-water harbour.
    • B. Takoradi: This is an artificial harbour in Ghana. It was built with breakwaters in the 1920s on an open coast.
    • C. Freetown: It lies on the estuary of the Sierra Leone River, which formed from a drowned river valley. The harbour is deep, wide and well sheltered by the Freetown Peninsula hills. It is widely regarded as the finest natural harbour in West Africa, and one of the largest natural harbours in the world.
    • D. Monrovia: The Liberian port was largely developed by building a breakwater and a Freeport. It is partly artificial and is exposed to heavy surf.

    Answer Freetown, Sierra Leone, has the best natural harbour in West Africa.

    Exam tip Remember: "Freetown = Free of work." Freetown's harbour needs little human effort, while Takoradi and Tema are artificial harbours. If you see "best natural harbour in West Africa" in an exam, think Freetown straight away.

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  3. 3.

    The southeastern part of the map area is-----

    1. A.poorly drained
    2. B.a plantation
    3. C.a lake
    4. D.an ocean
    Show answer

    Answer: C. a lake

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  4. 4.

    Which of the following statements is true about rainfall in station X?

    1. A.the rainfall duration is six months
    2. B.the station has a double maximum rainfall
    3. C.rainfall mainly falls in winter
    4. D.the rainfall in the station is uniformly distributed over the months
    Show answer

    Answer: B. the station has a double maximum rainfall

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  5. 5.

    On March 21 each year, all towns in the southern hemisphere experience?

    1. A.complete daylight for 14hours
    2. B.partial darkness
    3. C.equal length of day and night
    4. D.longer period of twilight
    Show answer

    Answer: C. equal length of day and night

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: March 21 is the March (vernal) equinox. The question asks what happens at all places in the southern hemisphere on that date.

    Explain the concept: An equinox happens twice a year, around March 21 and September 23. On these days the sun's vertical rays fall directly on the Equator. The Earth's axis is tilted, but neither pole leans toward or away from the sun. As a result, the circle of illumination passes through both poles and cuts every line of latitude into two equal halves.

    Step by step:

    1. On March 21, the overhead sun is at 0° latitude (the Equator).
    2. The boundary between day and night (the circle of illumination) runs from pole to pole.
    3. Every place on Earth therefore spends half of its 24-hour rotation in sunlight and half in darkness.
    4. Day and night each last about 12 hours everywhere. The word "equinox" means "equal night".

    Checking the options:

    • A. Complete daylight for 14 hours: Wrong. Day length is about 12 hours, not 14.
    • B. Partial darkness: Wrong. This is not a feature of the equinox.
    • C. Equal length of day and night: Correct. This is the defining feature of an equinox, and it applies to both hemispheres.
    • D. Longer period of twilight: Wrong. Twilight is longest near the poles and at the solstices, not at the equinox in all southern towns.

    Answer: C. Equal length of day and night.

    Tip: Remember "Equinox = Equal". On March 21 and September 23, the sun is overhead at the Equator, and day and night are both about 12 hours everywhere. For the solstices (June 21 and December 22), day and night are unequal, so don't mix them up.

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  6. 6.

    Which mountain type is described as the lighthouse of mediterranean?

    1. A.block
    2. B.flow
    3. C.residual
    4. D.volcanic
    Show answer

    Answer: D. volcanic

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: The question asks which mountain type is called the "lighthouse of the Mediterranean." This refers to a famous mountain with a nickname linked to its activity.

    Explain the concept: Stromboli is a volcano on an island off the coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Mediterranean Sea. It has erupted almost continuously for thousands of years, throwing out glowing lava and ash at regular intervals. At night the glow is visible from far away, and sailors used it as a natural navigation beacon. That is why it is nicknamed the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean."

    Solution:

    1. The "lighthouse" nickname comes from a light, a glow of fire, that can be seen from far away.
    2. Only an erupting mountain produces such a glow, so it must be a volcano.
    3. Check the options: • A. Block mountains are formed by faulting (uplifted crustal blocks). They do not glow. • B. "Flow" is not a recognised mountain type. • C. Residual mountains are remnants left by erosion. They do not erupt. • D. Volcanic mountains are built from lava and ash. Stromboli is one, and it fits.

    Answer: D. volcanic

    Tip: When you see a nickname that involves fire, light, or smoke, think volcanic. Remember: Stromboli = Strong glow = Volcano. Also review other famous volcanoes, such as Vesuvius, Etna, and Mount Cameroon, which is West Africa's well-known example.

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  7. 7.

    Cities of high population densities develop on plains because I. act as climate barriers II. have fertile soils III. lack heavy rainfall IV. have terrain with ease oof communication

    1. A.I and II only
    2. B.I and III only
    3. C.I and IV only
    4. D.II and IV only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. II and IV only

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: We are asked why cities with high population densities tend to develop on plains. We must judge each statement (I to IV).

    Concept: Plains are large, flat, low-lying areas. People settle densely where there is food (agriculture), easy construction, and easy movement of goods and people.

    Evaluate each statement:

    • I. Act as climate barriers: This is false. Mountains and highlands act as climate barriers (they cause relief rainfall and block winds). Plains are open and do not block climate systems.
    • II. Have fertile soils: This is true. Plains, especially river floodplains and alluvial plains such as the Niger-Benue valley, have deep, fertile alluvial soils that support farming and large populations.
    • III. Lack heavy rainfall: This is false as a reason. Lack of heavy rainfall is not what attracts dense settlement, and plains can receive plenty of rain. It is not a defining advantage.
    • IV. Have terrain with ease of communication: This is true. Flat land makes it cheap and easy to build roads, railways, and airports, and to build houses and industries. This encourages trade and urban growth.

    Correct statements: II and IV only.

    Answer: Option D.

    Tip: For "why do people settle densely on plains" questions, remember the key words flat, fertile, and easy transport. Be careful with options about "climate barriers": that phrase is linked to mountains, not plains.

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  8. 8.

    The distance between DAMBO and Ogoh as the crow flies is approximately by?

    1. A.5.0 km
    2. B.10.0 km
    3. C.20.0 km
    4. D.26.0 km
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 20.0 km

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  9. 9.

    The reasons for siting industries in urban areas include; I. employment II. revenue generation III. religious tolerance IV. unemployment provision

    1. A.I and II only
    2. B.II and IV only
    3. C.III and IV only
    4. D.I and IV only
    Show answer

    Answer: A. I and II only

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: You're asked which statements are reasons for siting (locating) industries in urban areas.

    Explain the concept: Industries locate in urban areas because of factors such as:

    • Large labour supply and ready market
    • Good infrastructure (power, water, roads, banks)
    • Revenue for government through taxes and rates
    • Employment opportunities for the population

    Evaluate each statement:

    • I. Employment: Valid. Industries provide jobs, and urban areas offer a large pool of workers.
    • II. Revenue generation: Valid. Industries pay taxes and rates, which boost government income.
    • III. Religious tolerance: Not valid. Religion is not a factor in industrial location.
    • IV. Unemployment provision: Not valid. This is poorly worded. Industries reduce unemployment, but "unemployment provision" is not a reason for siting industries. Unemployment is a problem, not a benefit.

    So only I and II are correct.

    Check the options:

    • A. I and II only ✔
    • B. II and IV only ✘ (IV is wrong)
    • C. III and IV only ✘
    • D. I and IV only ✘

    Tip: In "which of the following" questions with statement lists, eliminate the obviously irrelevant statements first (like "religious tolerance" here). Also watch for tricky wording such as "unemployment provision", which sounds like "employment provision" but means something different.

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  10. 10.

    Which of the following factors explains the need for international trade I. variation in technology II. uniformity in taste of goods III. language barrier IV. difference in natural resources

    1. A.I and II only
    2. B.II and III only
    3. C.II and IV only
    4. D.I and IV only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. I and IV only

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which factors explain why countries need to trade with one another. International trade exists because countries are not equal or self-sufficient.

    Step 2: Explain the concept Countries trade because of:

    • Differences in natural resources: Nigeria has crude oil, Ghana has cocoa and gold, Japan has few raw materials. Each country gets what it lacks from others.
    • Differences in technology and skills: Some countries manufacture machines, vehicles, and electronics. Others cannot, so they import them.
    • Differences in climate, labour, and capital (not listed here, but also relevant).

    Step 3: Evaluate each statement

    • I. Variation in technology: ✅ Valid. Countries with advanced technology produce goods that others cannot, which creates demand for trade.
    • II. Uniformity in taste of goods: ❌ Not valid. If everyone had the same taste, there would be less reason to exchange. It is variety or differences in taste that encourages trade, not uniformity.
    • III. Language barrier: ❌ Not valid. This is an obstacle to trade, not a reason for it.
    • IV. Difference in natural resources: ✅ Valid. This is the classic reason for international trade.

    Step 4: Identify the answer The correct statements are I and IV only, which is option D.

    Tip: For "why countries trade" questions, look for the word difference or variation (resources, climate, technology, skills). Be wary of words like "uniformity," "similarity," or "barrier," which usually point to wrong options.

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  11. 11.

    Which of the following pairs of landforms are of desert origin

    1. A.yardangs and batholiths
    2. B.sandbars and tombolos
    3. C.zeugens and inselbergs
    4. D.barchans and tombolos
    Show answer

    Answer: C. zeugens and inselbergs

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: We need the pair in which both landforms are produced by desert processes (wind erosion, wind deposition, or weathering in arid conditions).

    Explain the concepts:

    • Yardangs: streamlined ridges carved by wind abrasion in deserts (desert).
    • Batholiths: huge masses of intrusive igneous rock formed deep underground (not desert-specific).
    • Sandbars: ridges of sand built by waves and currents in coastal or river settings (not desert).
    • Tombolos: sand or shingle bars linking an island to the mainland, formed by coastal deposition (not desert).
    • Zeugens: tabular rock masses with a resistant cap rock over softer layers, formed by wind abrasion and differential weathering in deserts (desert).
    • Inselbergs: isolated residual hills (e.g. Bornu inselbergs) left standing after surrounding land is worn down, typical of arid and semi-arid landscapes (desert).
    • Barchans: crescent-shaped sand dunes formed by wind deposition (desert).

    Solution, option by option:

    • A: yardangs (desert) and batholiths (igneous), so not both desert.
    • B: sandbars and tombolos are both coastal, so no.
    • C: zeugens and inselbergs are both desert landforms, so yes.
    • D: barchans (desert) and tombolos (coastal), so no.

    Option D is tempting because barchans are definitely desert features, but tombolos spoil it. Option A has the same problem with batholiths.

    Answer: C.

    Tip: Group landforms by the agent that made them:

    • Wind: yardangs, zeugens, barchans, deflation hollows
    • Waves: sandbars, tombolos, spits
    • Underground igneous activity: batholiths

    If one item in a pair belongs to a different group, eliminate the option.

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  12. 12.

    Which of the following are the possible causes of soil erosion? I. bush burning II. over grazing III. reafforestation IV. excavation

    1. A.I and II only
    2. B.I, II, and IV only
    3. C.I, II, and III only
    4. D.II, III, and IV only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. I, II, and IV only

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  13. 13.

    Which of the following pairs of rock examples are sedimentary rocks?

    1. A.graphite and sandstone
    2. B.gabbro and schist
    3. C.limestone and chalk
    4. D.gneiss and granite
    Show answer

    Answer: C. limestone and chalk

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question You are asked to find the pair in which both rocks are sedimentary.

    Step 2: The concept Rocks fall into three main groups:

    • Igneous: formed from cooled magma or lava (e.g., granite, gabbro, basalt).
    • Sedimentary: formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments, or from organic or chemical deposits (e.g., sandstone, limestone, chalk, shale, coal).
    • Metamorphic: formed when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure (e.g., schist, gneiss, slate, marble, graphite).

    Step 3: Check each option

    • A. Graphite and sandstone: Sandstone is sedimentary, but graphite is metamorphic. ✗
    • B. Gabbro and schist: Gabbro is igneous and schist is metamorphic. ✗
    • C. Limestone and chalk: Both are sedimentary. Limestone forms from calcium carbonate deposits and shell remains, and chalk is a fine-grained form of limestone made from microscopic marine organisms. ✓
    • D. Gneiss and granite: Gneiss is metamorphic and granite is igneous. ✗

    Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. limestone and chalk.

    Tip: Remember that sedimentary rocks are often layered (stratified) and may contain fossils. Rocks made of calcium carbonate, such as limestone and chalk, are sedimentary. For metamorphic rocks, think of the "banded or foliated" ones like gneiss and schist.

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  14. 14.

    The rock which has the capacity to retain underground water is?

    1. A.impermeable
    2. B.crystalline
    3. C.compact
    4. D.permeable
    Show answer

    Answer: D. permeable

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  15. 15.

    What is the time at Accra at longitude Oº when the local time at longitude 450W is 12 noon

    1. A.3 p.m
    2. B.5 p.m
    3. C.7 p.m
    4. D.9 p.m
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 3 p.m

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: Accra lies on (approximately) longitude 0°, the Greenwich Meridian. We are told the local time at longitude 45°W is 12 noon, and we need the time at 0°.

    Concept:

    • The Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, so 15° = 1 hour (1° = 4 minutes).
    • Places to the east are ahead in time, and places to the west are behind.
    • 0° is east of 45°W, so it is ahead of 45°W.

    Solution:

    1. Longitude difference = 45° − 0° = 45°
    2. Time difference = 45° ÷ 15° = 3 hours
    3. Since 0° is east of 45°W, its time is ahead: 12 noon + 3 hours = 3 p.m.

    Answer: Accra's time is 3 p.m., which is option A.

    Tip: Remember "East is Early (ahead), West is Wasted (behind)", or "Go east, add; go west, subtract." Always divide the longitude difference by 15 to get the hour difference.

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  16. 16.

    Which of the following pairs of minerals form the bulk of the inner core of the earth

    1. A.aluminum and iron
    2. B.iron and nickel
    3. C.tin and columbite
    4. D.silicon and copper
    Show answer

    Answer: B. iron and nickel

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which two minerals (elements) make up most of the earth's inner core, the innermost layer.

    Step 2: Explain the concept The earth has these main layers:

    • Crust: the outer layer, rich in silicon and aluminum (the continental crust is called SIAL).
    • Mantle: rich in silicates of magnesium and iron (SIMA is the oceanic crust and upper mantle).
    • Outer core: liquid, mostly iron and nickel.
    • Inner core: solid, mostly iron and nickel, under enormous pressure.

    The inner core and the outer core together are sometimes called NIFE, from Ni (nickel) and Fe (iron).

    Step 3: Check the options

    • A. Aluminum and iron: aluminum is concentrated in the crust, not the core. ✗
    • B. Iron and nickel: these are the main constituents of the core (NIFE). ✓
    • C. Tin and columbite: these are economic minerals found in Nigeria (for example on the Jos Plateau). They are not core materials. ✗
    • D. Silicon and copper: silicon is abundant in the crust and mantle, and copper is only a minor element. ✗

    Step 4: Answer The inner core is made mainly of iron and nickel, which is option B.

    Exam tip: Remember NIFE for the core, SIMA for the oceanic crust and upper mantle, and SIAL for the continental crust. If a question mentions the core, think "Ni + Fe."

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  17. 17.

    In the northern hemisphere, the summer solstice is experienced on?

    1. A.September 22/23
    2. B.June 21
    3. C.December 22
    4. D.March 21
    Show answer

    Answer: B. June 21

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: It asks for the date of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere.

    Explain the concept: The Earth's axis is tilted at about 23½° to its orbital plane. As the Earth revolves around the Sun, the overhead (vertical) rays of the Sun move between the Tropic of Cancer (23½°N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S). A solstice happens when the Sun's vertical rays reach one of these extreme latitudes.

    Key dates to remember:

    • March 21: Spring (vernal) equinox in the northern hemisphere. The Sun is overhead at the Equator.
    • June 21: Summer solstice in the northern hemisphere. The Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23½°N). This is the longest day and shortest night in the north.
    • September 22/23: Autumn equinox. The Sun is overhead at the Equator again.
    • December 22: Winter solstice in the northern hemisphere. The Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S). This is the shortest day in the north.

    Solution:

    • A. September 22/23 is the autumn equinox, so it is not correct.
    • B. June 21 is when the Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, so it is the northern summer solstice. ✔
    • C. December 22 is the northern winter solstice, so it is not correct.
    • D. March 21 is the spring equinox, so it is not correct.

    Exam tip: Remember "Solstice = Sun at a Tropic, Equinox = Sun at the Equator." For the northern hemisphere, June goes with Cancer (summer) and December goes with Capricorn (winter). In the southern hemisphere, the seasons are reversed, so December 22 is their summer solstice.

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  18. 18.

    In Koppen's classification of climates, Af refers to?

    1. A.monsoon
    2. B.equitorial
    3. C.mediterranean
    4. D.desert
    Show answer

    Answer: B. equitorial

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: You are asked what the Köppen climate symbol "Af" stands for.

    Explain the concept: Köppen's classification uses letters to code climates:

    • A = tropical (hot) climates, where every month has a mean temperature above 18°C
    • f = "feucht" (German for moist), meaning rain falls in every month with no dry season

    Show the solution:

    • Af = tropical climate with year-round rainfall. This is the tropical rainforest, also called the equatorial climate.
    • Other related codes: • Am = tropical monsoon (option A) • Aw = tropical wet-and-dry, or savanna • Cs (specifically Csa/Csb) = Mediterranean (option C) • BW = hot desert (option D)

    So:

    • A. Monsoon is Am, not Af.
    • B. Equatorial is Af. ✔
    • C. Mediterranean is Cs, not Af.
    • D. Desert is BWh, not Af.

    Identify the answer: B. Equatorial

    In Nigeria, the southern coastal areas such as the Niger Delta come closest to this type, with heavy rain for most of the year.

    Tip: Remember "f = full-year rain." Af means tropical with no dry month, which is the equatorial rainforest. "m" stands for monsoon and "w" for winter-dry (savanna).

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  19. 19.

    The industrial belt of Japan produces

    1. A.ships, electronics and motor vehicles
    2. B.warships, ammunitions, and building materials
    3. C.fertilizers, pesticides, and combined harvesters
    4. D.leather, goods, plastic, and pharmaceutical products
    Show answer

    Answer: A. ships, electronics and motor vehicles

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: It asks what the main industrial belt of Japan (the Pacific Coastal Belt, or Taiheiyō Belt) is known for producing.

    Concept: Japan has very few natural resources, so it imports raw materials such as iron ore, coal and oil. It processes them in large coastal industrial zones, which include Tokyo-Yokohama (Keihin), Nagoya (Chukyo), Osaka-Kobe (Hanshin) and Kitakyushu. These zones are located on the coast because of:

    • Deep natural harbours for importing raw materials and exporting finished goods
    • A large, skilled labour force and a big domestic market
    • Advanced technology and heavy capital investment
    • Good transport networks and a steady power supply

    Going through the options:

    • A. Ships, electronics and motor vehicles: Correct. Japan is world-famous for shipbuilding (Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama), electronics (Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba) and motor vehicles (Toyota in Nagoya, Honda, Nissan).
    • B. Warships, ammunitions and building materials: Incorrect. After World War II, Japan's constitution limited military production, so weapons are not its industrial identity.
    • C. Fertilizers, pesticides and combined harvesters: Incorrect. These are not the main outputs that define Japan's industrial belt.
    • D. Leather goods, plastics and pharmaceuticals: Incorrect. Japan does produce some of these, but they are not the hallmark products of the belt.

    Answer: A. ships, electronics and motor vehicles

    Exam tip: Whenever you see "Japan industry," think "S.E.M.": Ships, Electronics, Motor vehicles. Also remember that Japan's industries depend on imported raw materials and coastal locations.

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  20. 20.

    Which of the following are achievements of ECOWAS I. common market II. free movement of people III. military cooperation IV. trade restriction

    1. A.I, II and III only
    2. B.I, II, and IV only
    3. C.II, III, and IV only
    4. D.I, III, and IV only
    Show answer

    Answer: A. I, II and III only

    AI explanation

    Analyzing the question: You are asked to pick the statements that are achievements of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States, founded in 1975 in Lagos).

    Concept: ECOWAS aims to promote economic integration, trade liberalization, and regional peace and security among its member states.

    Checking each statement:

    • I. Common market: ECOWAS has worked toward a common market, with trade liberalization and a common external tariff. This is an achievement.
    • II. Free movement of people: The 1979 Protocol on Free Movement of Persons gives citizens the right to enter and reside in member states without a visa for up to 90 days. This is an achievement.
    • III. Military cooperation: ECOWAS created ECOMOG, its peacekeeping force, which intervened in Liberia and Sierra Leone. This is an achievement.
    • IV. Trade restriction: ECOWAS exists to remove trade barriers, not impose them. This is not an achievement.

    Combining the results: I, II and III are achievements, and IV is not.

    Exam tip: In questions like this, spot the statement that contradicts the organization's purpose. ECOWAS means integration, so "trade restriction" is the odd one out. Removing it from the choices leaves only option A.

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  21. 21.

    An effect of rural-urban migration on the source region is

    1. A.rural depopulation
    2. B.urban depopulation
    3. C.rural employment
    4. D.rural unemployment
    Show answer

    Answer: A. rural depopulation

    AI explanation

    1. Analyze the question The question asks for an effect of rural-urban migration on the source region. The source region is the place people leave, which here is the rural area.

    2. Explain the concept Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from villages to towns and cities. It is usually driven by "push" factors such as poor amenities, low incomes and a lack of jobs in rural areas, and "pull" factors such as jobs, schools, hospitals and electricity in cities.

    When people leave the countryside:

    • The rural population falls, which is rural depopulation.
    • The farm labour force shrinks, since most migrants are young and able-bodied.
    • The remaining population is mostly children and the elderly, so the age structure becomes unbalanced.
    • Food production may decline, and villages may be left with abandoned farms and houses.

    3. Evaluate the options

    • A. Rural depopulation: Correct. People leave the source region, so its population drops.
    • B. Urban depopulation: Wrong. Cities receive migrants, so they become more populated and often overcrowded.
    • C. Rural employment: Wrong. Migration does not directly create jobs in villages.
    • D. Rural unemployment: Wrong. Migration usually reduces the number of people competing for rural jobs. The problem in rural areas is labour shortage, not unemployment caused by migration.

    4. Answer The correct option is A. rural depopulation.

    5. Exam tip Always identify the source region (where people leave) and the destination region (where they arrive).

    • Source (rural): depopulation, labour shortage, lower food output.
    • Destination (urban): overcrowding, unemployment, slums, pressure on amenities.

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  22. 22.

    A notable problem of air transportation in tropical Africa is

    1. A.slow speed
    2. B.low freight charges
    3. C.adequate space
    4. D.low patronage
    Show answer

    Answer: D. low patronage

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: It asks for a problem (a disadvantage) of air transport in tropical Africa. So we look for the option that describes a difficulty, not an advantage.

    Concept: Air transport is the fastest mode, but it is also expensive and needs heavy investment in airports, aircraft, fuel and trained staff. In tropical Africa, the main challenges are:

    • High cost of tickets and freight, so many people cannot afford it
    • Low income levels among the population
    • Poor airport facilities and high maintenance costs
    • Small volumes of cargo and passengers compared with the huge cost of operation

    Evaluate the options:

    • A. Slow speed: Wrong. Air transport is the fastest mode of transport, so this is not a problem.
    • B. Low freight charges: Wrong. Freight charges by air are high, not low, and low charges would be an advantage anyway.
    • C. Adequate space: Wrong. Adequate space would be a benefit. Air transport actually has limited cargo capacity.
    • D. Low patronage: Correct. Because fares are high and many people have low incomes, relatively few people use air transport. This makes it hard for airlines to make a profit, which is a well-known problem in tropical Africa.

    Answer: D. Low patronage

    Tip: In "problem of..." questions, remove any option that is actually an advantage (speed, adequate space, low charges). The one left that describes a difficulty is usually the answer. For air transport, remember: fast but costly, so few patrons.

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  23. 23.

    The sun is overhead at the tropic of Capricorn on

    1. A.march 21
    2. B.December 22
    3. C.September 23
    4. D.June 21
    Show answer

    Answer: B. December 22

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  24. 24.

    The scale of the map in representative fraction (RF) is

    1. A.1: 200,000
    2. B.1 : 50,000
    3. C.1 : 150,000
    4. D.1 : 10,000
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1: 200,000

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  25. 25.

    What is the approximate distance between the settlements of Dambo and Hume by road?

    1. A.10km
    2. B.15km
    3. C.20km
    4. D.30km
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 30km

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  26. 26.

    A feature produced by water in desert areas is-------

    1. A.barchans
    2. B.zeugens
    3. C.yardangs
    4. D.wadis
    Show answer

    Answer: D. wadis

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a desert feature produced by water (not wind). So we must separate wind-formed features from water-formed ones.

    Step 2: Explain each option

    • A. Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dunes formed by wind deposition. Not water.
    • B. Zeugens are tabular ridges of resistant rock capped over softer rock, formed by wind abrasion (differential erosion). Not water.
    • C. Yardangs are streamlined, sharp-crested ridges that run parallel to the prevailing wind, formed by wind abrasion. Not water.
    • D. Wadis are dry river valleys or channels in deserts. They are carved by flash floods and running water after occasional heavy rainfall. This is a water-formed feature.

    Step 3: Conclusion Only wadis are produced by water action. The others (barchans, zeugens, yardangs) are all wind features.

    Correct answer: D. Wadis

    Exam tip: Remember this grouping:

    • Wind features: barchans, seif dunes, zeugens, yardangs, deflation hollows, mushroom rocks (pedestal rocks).
    • Water features in deserts: wadis, playas, pediments, bajadas, alluvial fans, inselbergs (partly).

    When you see "water" and "desert" together, think wadi first (Arabic for "valley").

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  27. 27.

    Which of the following elements of weather is matched with the wrong measuring instrument?

    1. A.humidity and barometer
    2. B.rainfall and rain guage
    3. C.sunshine and sundial
    4. D.windspeed and anemometer
    Show answer

    Answer: A. humidity and barometer

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question We need to find the pair where the weather element is matched with the wrong instrument.

    Step 2: Recall the instruments

    | Weather element | Correct instrument | |---|---| | Humidity | Hygrometer (or psychrometer / wet-and-dry bulb thermometer) | | Atmospheric pressure | Barometer | | Rainfall | Rain gauge | | Sunshine (duration) | Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder (a sundial only shows time using the sun's shadow) | | Wind speed | Anemometer | | Wind direction | Wind vane | | Temperature | Thermometer (Stevenson screen) |

    Step 3: Check each option

    • A. Humidity and barometer. Wrong. A barometer measures atmospheric pressure, not humidity. Humidity is measured with a hygrometer.
    • B. Rainfall and rain gauge. Correct.
    • C. Sunshine and sundial. Not ideal. A sundial tells time from the sun's shadow, and the proper sunshine instrument is the sunshine recorder. However, among the options, it is loosely accepted as sun-related, and the examiner's clear error is option A.
    • D. Windspeed and anemometer. Correct.

    Step 4: Conclusion Option A is the pair that is clearly mismatched. Option C is imperfect in strict terms, but a sundial is at least associated with the sun, while a barometer has nothing to do with humidity.

    Answer: A

    Exam tip: Remember the "H" pairs: Humidity → Hygrometer. And Barometer → Bar (pressure, as in millibars). Whenever you see "barometer," think pressure.

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  28. 28.

    The bearing of ILO from Hume is about-----

    1. A.3.30
    2. B.2.10
    3. C.1.45
    4. D.3.5
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2.10

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  29. 29.

    What is the annual rainfall for station X?

    1. A.1511 mm
    2. B.1504 mm
    3. C.1254 mm
    4. D.1160
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1160

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  30. 30.

    An example fossil fuel is

    1. A.granite
    2. B.coal
    3. C.clay
    4. D.standtone
    Show answer

    Answer: B. coal

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  31. 31.

    Which of the following are characteristics of most large cities? They I. have large populations II. are administrative centers III. are religious centers IV. are commercial centers

    1. A.I and III only
    2. B.I and IV only
    3. C.II and III only
    4. D.II and IV only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. I and IV only

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  32. 32.

    The temperature reading at the peak of a volcano is 6ºC. What will be the temperature at the foot of the volcano which is 3000 metres from the surrounding low land?

    1. A.5.5ºC
    2. B.13.5ºC
    3. C.13.5ºC
    4. D.25.5ºC
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 25.5ºC

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: Temperature falls as height increases. This is the normal lapse rate, about 6.5°C per 1000 m (or 1°C per 150 m). We know the temperature at the peak and need the temperature at the foot, which is lower and so warmer.

    Concept: Temperature at the base = temperature at the top + (height × lapse rate)

    Solution:

    1. Height difference = 3000 m
    2. Temperature change = (3000 ÷ 1000) × 6.5°C = 3 × 6.5 = 19.5°C
    3. Temperature at the foot = 6°C + 19.5°C = 25.5°C

    Checking the options:

    • A (5.5°C) is too low. It would only be right if you wrongly subtracted.
    • B and C (13.5°C) are identical, so they can't be the answer. They would come from using a wrong rate, such as 2.5°C per 1000 m.
    • D (25.5°C) matches my working.

    Tip: Going down a mountain, the temperature rises. Going up, it falls. Remember "6.5 per 1000 m". For quick work, multiply the height in kilometres by 6.5, then add if you are going down or subtract if you are going up. Also, when two options are exactly the same (like B and C here), you can eliminate both straight away.

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  33. 33.

    The time at the Greenwich Meridian is 10:00 am. What would the time at 30ºE be?

    1. A.8:00 am
    2. B.8:00 pm
    3. C.12:00 am
    4. D.12:00 pm
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 12:00 pm

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  34. 34.

    The most significant factor which accounts for the rapid growth in the population of the capital cities of West Africa is

    1. A.political rallies
    2. B.sport events
    3. C.rural-urban migration
    4. D.religious tourism
    Show answer

    Answer: C. rural-urban migration

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the most significant factor behind the rapid population growth of West African capital cities such as Abuja, Accra, Dakar, and Lagos (a former capital). Think about what causes sustained, long-term growth, not occasional gatherings.

    Step 2: Explain the concept Population in a city grows through two main routes:

    • Natural increase (births minus deaths)
    • Migration (people moving in)

    In West Africa, migration into cities, mostly from villages, is the biggest driver. This is called rural-urban migration.

    Why people leave rural areas (push factors):

    • Poor roads, electricity, schools, and hospitals
    • Low farm income and land shortage
    • Unemployment and underemployment
    • Insecurity or environmental problems, such as erosion, drought, and flooding

    Why capital cities attract them (pull factors):

    • Job opportunities in government, industry, and commerce
    • Better schools, hospitals, and infrastructure
    • Higher wages and the hope of a better standard of living
    • Concentration of government services and investment

    Step 3: Evaluate the options

    • A. Political rallies: These are temporary events. People attend and go home, so they do not cause lasting population growth.
    • B. Sport events: These are also short-term and attract visitors, not permanent residents.
    • C. Rural-urban migration: This is continuous, large-scale, and permanent, so it is the major cause of rapid growth.
    • D. Religious tourism: It is seasonal and involves only small numbers, and it is not specific to capital cities.

    Step 4: Answer The correct answer is **C.

    Exam tip: In Geography questions on urban growth, look for words like "most significant" or "major cause." Pick the factor that is permanent and large-scale, and avoid temporary events. Remember the pairing "push from the village, pull to the city."

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  35. 35.

    Low population densities of the middle belt of West African countries can best be described as

    1. A.trans-Saharan slave trade
    2. B.rich fertile soil
    3. C.concentration of industries
    4. D.presence of mineral resources
    Show answer

    Answer: A. trans-Saharan slave trade

    AI explanation

    Analyzing the question

    The question asks about the low population density of the Middle Belt of West African countries (e.g., Nigeria's Middle Belt, Ghana's middle belt areas, Togo and Benin's central regions). The wording "can best be described as" is awkward. It really means "can best be explained by" or "is best attributed to". So we need the factor that would cause people to be sparse there.

    Concept

    Population density depends on factors that either attract people (fertile soil, industries, minerals, good climate) or reduce and repel them (slave raids, disease, war, poor soils).

    Checking each option

    • A. Trans-Saharan slave trade: Raiders and slave traders captured people from the Middle Belt, which lay between the savanna states and the forest or coast. Many people were carried off or fled to hills and remote areas. This depopulated the region over centuries. It also explains the historical emptiness often cited for the Middle Belt. This is a cause of low density.
    • B. Rich fertile soil: This attracts settlement and raises density, so it does not explain low density.
    • C. Concentration of industries: Industries draw people and create high density, as in Lagos or Kano. This is the opposite effect.
    • D. Presence of mineral resources: Minerals such as tin on the Jos Plateau attract migrants and raise density. This is also the opposite effect.

    Answer

    Only option A is a factor that reduces population. Options B, C and D would increase density.

    Exam tip: Whenever a question asks for a reason for low density, look for a negative or repelling factor such as slave trade, disease (tsetse fly, river blindness), war, or harsh climate. Eliminate options that attract people. Also, if a question's wording seems odd, rephrase it in your head (here: "what explains low density?") before you answer.

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  36. 36.

    The most population means of transportation in the mapped area is-------

    1. A.river
    2. B.footpath
    3. C.air
    4. D.road
    Show answer

    Answer: B. footpath

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  37. 37.

    Marble is a metamorphosed -------

    1. A.basalt
    2. B.granite
    3. C.gabbro
    4. D.limestone
    Show answer

    Answer: D. limestone

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which parent rock marble forms from when it is changed (metamorphosed) by heat and pressure.

    Step 2: Explain the concept Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) are changed by intense heat, pressure, or chemical action, without fully melting. Some common pairs are:

    | Parent rock | Metamorphic rock | |---|---| | Limestone | Marble | | Sandstone | Quartzite | | Shale/Clay | Slate, then schist | | Granite | Gneiss | | Coal | Graphite/Anthracite |

    Step 3: Work through the options

    • A. Basalt: an igneous rock. It changes into greenschist or amphibolite, not marble.
    • B. Granite: an igneous rock. It changes into gneiss.
    • C. Gabbro: an igneous rock. It changes into amphibolite or similar rocks.
    • D. Limestone: a sedimentary rock made mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Heat and pressure recrystallize the calcite, which produces marble.

    Step 4: Answer Marble is metamorphosed limestone, which is option D.

    Exam tip: Remember "Limestone → Marble" (both are L and M, like "Let's Make marble"). Also remember "Sandstone → Quartzite" and "Granite → Gneiss" (both start with G). Learning these pairs can win you quick marks in WASSCE, NECO, and JAMB.

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  38. 38.

    Which month in the station has the highest rainfall?

    1. A.January
    2. B.October
    3. C.July
    4. D.September
    Show answer

    Answer: B. October

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  39. 39.

    The direction of DAMBO from Hume is------

    1. A.northeast
    2. B.southeast
    3. C.southwest
    4. D.northwest
    Show answer

    Answer: D. northwest

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  40. 40.

    Which of the following wave actions is a process of erosion

    1. A.traction
    2. B.hydraulic
    3. C.saltation
    4. D.suspension
    Show answer

    Answer: B. hydraulic

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: The question asks which option is a process of erosion by waves. Be careful: some options are processes of transportation, not erosion.

    Explain the concept:

    Marine (wave) erosion happens in four main ways:

    1. Hydraulic action: Waves crash against the cliff or rock face. They force water and compressed air into cracks, and the pressure widens the cracks and breaks the rock apart.
    2. Abrasion (corrasion): Waves hurl sand, pebbles and boulders against the cliff and wear it away.
    3. Attrition: Rock particles collide and break into smaller, rounder pieces.
    4. Solution (corrosion): Soluble rocks like limestone are dissolved by seawater.

    Transportation of material by water happens through:

    • Traction: large pebbles and boulders roll along the bed.
    • Saltation: smaller particles bounce along the bed.
    • Suspension: fine particles are carried within the water.
    • Solution: dissolved materials are carried along.

    Solve step by step:

    • A. Traction is a transportation process, so it is out.
    • B. Hydraulic action is a wave erosion process, so it fits.
    • C. Saltation is a transportation process, so it is out.
    • D. Suspension is a transportation process, so it is out.

    hydraulic**.

    Tip: Remember the erosion processes with "HACS": Hydraulic action, Abrasion, Attrition (a second A), and Solution. Remember the transport processes with "TSSS": Traction, Saltation, Suspension, Solution. If an option is one of the T-S-S words, it is transportation, not erosion. Solution appears in both lists, so it is the one to watch for.

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  41. 41.

    Line A - B in the mapped area can be best described as

    1. A.convex slope
    2. B.uniform slope
    3. C.dip slope
    4. D.concave slope
    Show answer

    Answer: B. uniform slope

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  42. 42.

    The farming technique which can be adopted as a method of soil conservation is?

    1. A.bush fallowing
    2. B.monoculture
    3. C.shifting cultivation
    4. D.cover cropping
    Show answer

    Answer: D. cover cropping

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  43. 43.

    Which of the following is a dispositional feature of an arid region?

    1. A.barchan
    2. B.zeugen
    3. C.rock pedestal
    4. D.yardang
    Show answer

    Answer: A. barchan

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: The key word is "dispositional" (usually written depositional). It asks for a landform in a desert (arid) region that is formed by the deposition of material, not by erosion.

    Explain the concept: In arid regions, wind does two main jobs:

    • Erosion (deflation, abrasion) wears the land away and leaves erosional features.
    • Deposition happens when the wind loses energy and drops the sand it was carrying, building depositional features.

    Step-by-step review of the options:

    • A. Barchan: A crescent-shaped sand dune formed when wind blows sand in one direction and deposits it. The horns point downwind. This is a depositional feature.
    • B. Zeugen: Table-like ridges of resistant rock with softer rock beneath. Wind abrasion carves them, so they are erosional.
    • C. Rock pedestal: A mushroom-shaped rock that is narrow at the base. Wind abrasion cuts the lower part more than the top, so it is erosional.
    • D. Yardang: A streamlined ridge of rock lying parallel to the wind direction. Wind abrasion carves it, so it is erosional.

    Only the barchan is built up by deposited sand.

    Answer: A. Barchan

    Tip: Remember that Barchans are Built up from sand (deposition). Zeugen, yardangs, and pedestals are all carved out of rock (erosion). In exams, ask yourself: "Was material removed or dropped?" Sand dunes (barchan, seif/longitudinal) mean deposition.

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  44. 44.

    All the following are man-made features found on the mapped area except?

    1. A.dams
    2. B.bridges
    3. C.roads
    4. D.settlements
    Show answer

    Answer: D. settlements

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  45. 45.

    The highest point of the mapped area is found in the-----

    1. A.southwest
    2. B.southeast
    3. C.northeast
    4. D.northeast
    Show answer

    Answer: D. northeast

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  46. 46.

    Which of the following factors does not influence population distribution?

    1. A.climate
    2. B.soil
    3. C.sex ratio
    4. D.relief
    Show answer

    Answer: C. sex ratio

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: We are asked to find the one option that is NOT a factor influencing where people live (population distribution).

    Explain the concept: Population distribution is how people are spread across an area. It is shaped mainly by physical and environmental factors, along with economic and political ones:

    • Climate: People settle in areas with moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall. Extreme deserts and very cold regions are sparsely populated.
    • Soil: Fertile soils support farming, so areas such as river valleys and the fertile plains of the Niger-Benue basin attract dense settlement.
    • Relief: Gentle lowlands and plains are easier to build on and farm than steep mountains, so they usually have more people.
    • Others: Natural resources, transport, government policy, and job opportunities.

    Solve step by step:

    1. Climate (A): It affects farming and comfort, so it influences distribution. ✔
    2. Soil (B): It determines agricultural productivity, so it influences distribution. ✔
    3. Relief (D): It affects settlement, farming, and transport, so it influences distribution. ✔
    4. Sex ratio (C): This is the number of males per 100 females in a population. It is a demographic characteristic (population structure), which describes the composition of a population, not where people choose to live. It is a result of births, deaths, and migration, not a cause of how people spread across land.

    Answer: The factor that does not influence population distribution is sex ratio, which is option C.

    Exam tip: Separate distribution (where people live: physical factors like climate, soil, relief, and drainage) from composition (who the people are: age, sex ratio, occupation). If the question asks about distribution and an option is a composition term, that is usually the odd one out.

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  47. 47.

    Calculate the range of temperature for the station

    1. A.2ºC
    2. B.5ºC
    3. C.12ºC
    4. D.14ºC
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 2ºC

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  48. 48.

    The longitude which almost bisects Africa into two equal halves, east and west, is longitude-----------

    1. A.20ºE
    2. B.20ºW
    3. C.40ºE
    4. D.40ºW
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 20ºE

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: We need the meridian that splits Africa into roughly equal eastern and western halves.

    Concept: Africa's extent in longitude runs from about 17°33'W (Dakar, Senegal, the westernmost point at Cape Verde/Pointe des Almadies) to about 51°E (Ras Hafun, Somalia, the easternmost point).

    Solution:

    • Westernmost point ≈ 17.5°W
    • Easternmost point ≈ 51°E
    • Total span ≈ 17.5 + 51 = 68.5°
    • Half of the span ≈ 34.25°, measured from the west end: 34.25 − 17.5 ≈ 16.75°E

    So the midpoint is about 17°E to 20°E. The nearest option is 20°E.

    Check the other options:

    • 20°W lies in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Africa, so it cannot bisect the continent.
    • 40°W is far out in the Atlantic.
    • 40°E passes through the eastern part of Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia area), so it leaves most of the continent to its west.

    Also, the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through West Africa (Ghana, for example), but it does not split Africa evenly, since much more land lies to the east. The bisecting line is further east, around 20°E, which passes through Libya, Chad, the Central African Republic, the DRC and Angola area, and South Africa's region.

    Answer: A. 20°E.

    Tip: Remember that Africa is "mostly east" of the Prime Meridian. If a question asks for the line that bisects Africa, pick the nearby east longitude (20°E), not a west one and not one as far east as 40°E.

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  49. 49.

    Which drainage pattern is best established in the areas of alternate hard and soft rocks

    1. A.trellis
    2. B.centripetal
    3. C.radial
    4. D.annular
    Show answer

    Answer: A. trellis

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: The question asks which drainage pattern develops where hard and soft rocks alternate, such as in folded landscapes with parallel ridges and valleys.

    Concept: Drainage patterns

    • Trellis: Main streams run parallel to each other along the strike of soft rock belts. Short tributaries join them at right angles. It develops in folded or tilted areas with alternating resistant and less resistant rocks, such as the Appalachians.
    • Centripetal: Streams flow inward to a central basin or depression, such as a crater or a desert basin.
    • Radial: Streams flow outward from a central high point, such as a volcano or dome.
    • Annular: Streams form a ring-like pattern around a dome. Here, rivers follow the weaker rock bands, so it is a variant that can also involve alternating rocks, but it is specific to eroded domes.

    Solution:

    1. Alternating hard and soft rocks means the rivers will erode the soft rock bands more easily and form valleys there.
    2. The main rivers therefore run parallel along the soft rock outcrops.
    3. The tributaries join them at right angles down the sides of the ridges. This gives the grid or "garden trellis" look.
    4. This is the trellis pattern. Annular is limited to dome structures, so it is not the best general answer.

    Answer: A. trellis

    Exam tip: Link each pattern to its trigger:

    • Trellis = Tilted or folded alternating rocks (parallel ridges and valleys)
    • Radial = Rising dome or volcano (flows outward)
    • Centripetal = Center basin (flows inward)
    • Annular = Around a dome (ring)

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  50. 50.

    Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a rural settlement

    1. A.primary activities
    2. B.secondary activities
    3. C.tertiary activities
    4. D.large area coverage
    Show answer

    Answer: A. primary activities

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which option best describes a rural settlement. Rural settlements are villages and hamlets located in the countryside, away from big towns and cities.

    Step 2: Explain the concept Rural settlements are characterized by:

    • Small population size
    • Low population density
    • Dispersed or nucleated housing patterns
    • Dominance of primary activities, meaning farming, fishing, hunting, lumbering, and mining, where people get resources directly from nature

    Urban settlements, by contrast, are dominated by secondary activities (manufacturing) and tertiary activities (services such as banking, trade, transport, and education).

    Step 3: Evaluate each option

    • A. Primary activities: Correct. Most rural dwellers in Nigeria (for example in Benue, Kebbi, or riverine communities) are farmers, fishermen, or hunters.
    • B. Secondary activities: These involve processing and manufacturing, which are typical of towns and cities with industries.
    • C. Tertiary activities: These are service-based and are concentrated in urban centres.
    • D. Large area coverage: Rural settlements are usually small in population. They may be spread out, but this is not their defining characteristic. Large areal coverage fits cities better.

    Step 4: Answer The characteristic that best describes a rural settlement is primary activities, which is option A.

    Exam tip: Remember "Rural = Raw". Rural people work with raw materials directly from nature (primary activities), while urban people process them (secondary) or provide services (tertiary).

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