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WAEC (WASSCE) 2020

2020 WAEC (WASSCE) Geography Past Questions and Answers

The 2020 WAEC (WASSCE) Geography past questions with answers: 50 objective questions from the 2020 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.

Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.

Questions

  1. 1.

    A plateau highly eroded by rivers and broken by deep narrow valleys is

    1. A.intermont plateau
    2. B.volcanic plateau
    3. C.dissected plateau
    4. D.lava plateau
    Show answer

    Answer: C. dissected plateau

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  2. 2.

    A seaport can be sited in all the following settlements except

    1. A.Kalu
    2. B.Musa
    3. C.Obasa
    4. D.Bama
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Musa

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  3. 3.

    Which of the following is a process of river transportation?

    1. A.Attrition
    2. B.deflation
    3. C.Abrasion
    4. D.Suspension
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Suspension

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which option is a process of river transportation, meaning how a river carries its load (material) from one place to another.

    Step 2: Explain the concept Rivers transport their load in four main ways:

    1. Solution: dissolved minerals (e.g., limestone) are carried in the water.
    2. Suspension: fine particles like silt and clay are carried within the flowing water.
    3. Saltation: small stones and sand particles bounce along the river bed.
    4. Traction: large boulders and pebbles are rolled or dragged along the bed.

    Do not confuse these with erosion processes, which wear away the river bed and banks or break down the load:

    • Abrasion (corrasion): the load scrapes and wears the bed and banks.
    • Attrition: rocks collide and break into smaller, rounder pieces.
    • Hydraulic action: the force of water pounds the banks.
    • Corrosion: chemical action dissolves the rocks.

    Step 3: Evaluate the options

    • A. Attrition: a process of erosion or load breakdown, not transportation.
    • B. Deflation: a wind process in which loose particles are blown away, common in deserts. It has nothing to do with rivers.
    • C. Abrasion: a process of river erosion, not transportation.
    • D. Suspension: a method by which rivers carry fine materials. This is correct.

    Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. Suspension.

    Exam tip: Remember the transport methods with "S-S-S-T": Solution, Suspension, Saltation, Traction. If an option is not one of these four, it is probably an erosion process (attrition, abrasion, hydraulic action, corrosion) or belongs to another agent such as wind (deflation).

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  4. 4.

    Musa settlement is likely to be

    1. A.an airpot
    2. B.a fishing village
    3. C.a confluence town
    4. D.a nodal town
    Show answer

    Answer: A. an airpot

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  5. 5.

    Which of the following features promote the development of nucleated settlement?

    1. A.Narrow valleys and rugged highlands
    2. B.Dissected plains and nodal centres
    3. C.Nodal centres and natural harbours
    4. D.Fertile soils and steep valleys
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Nodal centres and natural harbours

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  6. 6.

    Which of the following are process of physical weathering? I. Frost action II. Hydrolysis III. Oxidation IV. Temperature Changes

    1. A.I and III only
    2. B.I and IV only
    3. C.III and IV only
    4. D.II and III only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. I and IV only

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question You are asked to pick the processes that are physical (mechanical) weathering. These break rock into smaller pieces without changing its chemical composition.

    Step 2: Key concept

    • Physical weathering: Rocks break down by physical forces. Examples are frost action (freeze-thaw), temperature changes (expansion and contraction, which cause exfoliation), pressure release, and salt crystallization.
    • Chemical weathering: The minerals in the rock change chemically. Examples are hydrolysis, oxidation, carbonation, hydration and solution.

    Step 3: Classify each process

    • I. Frost action: Physical. Water enters cracks, freezes, expands and wedges the rock apart.
    • II. Hydrolysis: Chemical. Water reacts with minerals such as feldspar and turns them into clay.
    • III. Oxidation: Chemical. Oxygen reacts with iron minerals and forms rust-coloured compounds.
    • IV. Temperature changes: Physical. Repeated heating by day and cooling by night makes the rock expand and contract until it cracks or peels. This is common in hot desert and savanna areas in northern Nigeria.

    Step 4: Match to the options Physical weathering = I and IV.

    • A (I and III): III is chemical, so it is wrong.
    • B (I and IV): correct.
    • C (III and IV): III is chemical, so it is wrong.
    • D (II and III): both are chemical, so it is wrong.

    Tip: Think "H-O-C-S" for chemical weathering: Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Carbonation, Solution. Anything with water reacting or oxygen reacting is chemical. Anything involving freezing, heating, cooling or cracking is physical.

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  7. 7.

    A great circle route is used to

    1. A.avoid long flights over deserts
    2. B.save time and fuel
    3. C.avoid flying near the north pole
    4. D.avoiding over long distance barriers
    Show answer

    Answer: B. save time and fuel

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  8. 8.

    A dominant factor that explains the establishment of industries in some rural areas of Tropical Africa is

    1. A.development of rural areas
    2. B.encouragement of rural-urban areas
    3. C.reduction of crime in rural areas
    4. D.traffic congestion in rural areas
    Show answer

    Answer: A. development of rural areas

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: It asks for the dominant factor that explains why industries are established in some rural areas of Tropical Africa. This is about industrial location, so we look for the reason that best motivates industrialists or governments to site factories in rural areas.

    Concept: Industries are sited in rural areas for reasons such as:

    • Nearness to raw materials (e.g., agro-processing, mining)
    • Cheap and available land
    • Cheap labour
    • Government policy of rural development and decentralisation of industries, to reduce rural-urban drift and spread development evenly

    Evaluating the options:

    • A. Development of rural areas. This is the most sensible. Governments in Tropical Africa deliberately site industries in rural areas through incentives and decentralisation policies to bring jobs, roads, electricity, and social amenities. This is a recognised driving factor.
    • B. Encouragement of rural-urban areas. This is poorly worded and meaningless as a factor. If it meant encouraging rural-urban migration, that is the opposite of the goal, since siting industries in rural areas aims to reduce migration.
    • C. Reduction of crime in rural areas. Crime reduction is a possible result, not a dominant reason for locating an industry.
    • D. Traffic congestion in rural areas. Rural areas generally don't have traffic congestion. Congestion is an urban problem that actually pushes industries out of cities, not a rural factor.

    Tip: In industrial location questions, look for the option that reflects a purpose or advantage of the location (development, raw materials, cheap land or labour). Eliminate options that describe a problem, like congestion, or that are vaguely worded, like option B.

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  9. 9.

    The difference between the hottest and coldest months of a place is the

    1. A.length of the hot season
    2. B.mean annual temperature
    3. C.annual range temperature
    4. D.total monthly temperature
    Show answer

    Answer: C. annual range temperature

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  10. 10.

    Which of the following factors affect temperature? I. Latitude II. Time III, Wind direction IV. Ocean current

    1. A.I and II only
    2. B.II and III only
    3. C.II and IV only
    4. D.I and IV only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. I and IV only

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: We are asked which of the listed items are factors that affect temperature (climatic controls).

    Concept: The main factors that control temperature of a place are:

    • Latitude – determines the angle of the sun's rays and the amount of insolation received. Low latitudes are hot, high latitudes are cold.
    • Altitude – temperature falls with height (about 6.5°C per 1000 m).
    • Distance from the sea (continentality) – coastal areas have a smaller range of temperature.
    • Ocean currents – warm currents raise the temperature of coasts they pass (e.g., the North Atlantic Drift warms Western Europe), while cold currents lower it (e.g., the Benguela Current along southwest Africa).
    • Prevailing winds / air masses – these do affect temperature in reality (for example, the Harmattan and the Tropical Maritime air mass).
    • Cloud cover, aspect, and relief.

    Evaluate each statement:

    • I. Latitude – a major factor. ✔
    • II. Time – this is not a physical control of temperature. It affects the time of day or season at which temperatures are measured, but it is not a climatic factor. ✘
    • III. Wind direction – in a strict sense winds can transport warm or cool air, so it has some influence. But in the standard list of factors in the WASSCE syllabus, the options given do not pair it with a correct combination: options B pairs it with "Time", which is wrong.
    • IV. Ocean current – a major factor. ✔

    Matching with options:

    • A (I and II) – includes Time ✘
    • B (II and III) – includes Time ✘
    • C (II and IV) – includes Time ✘
    • D (I and IV) – both are standard, accepted factors ✔

    Since the only option that avoids "Time" and contains two clearly valid factors is D, this is the best answer.

    Answer: D. I and IV only

    Exam tip: Remember the temperature controls with the phrase "LADO-C": Latitude, Altitude, Distance from sea, Ocean currents, Cloud cover (plus winds). If an option contains something like "time", which is not a physical control, you can eliminate it right away.

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  11. 11.

    One characteristic feature of intensive farming is that, it is practised in urban centres where

    1. A.water supply is inadequate
    2. B.human population is high
    3. C.human population is low
    4. D.demand for produce is low
    Show answer

    Answer: B. human population is high

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: The question asks about a characteristic of intensive farming and the condition in urban centres where it is practised.

    Explain the concept: Intensive farming means getting a high yield from a small piece of land. To do this, farmers put in a lot of labour, capital, fertilizers, improved seeds, irrigation, and pesticides. Examples include market gardening, poultry farming, and dairy farming close to cities. It is common where land is scarce and there is a ready market for the produce.

    Step-by-step solution:

    • Option A: water supply is inadequate. Intensive farming needs a good water supply, often through irrigation, so this is wrong.
    • Option B: human population is high. Urban centres have many people, so land is limited and expensive. Farmers must use small plots intensively. The large population also creates strong demand for fresh produce such as vegetables, eggs, milk, and poultry. This fits.
    • Option C: human population is low. A low population means land is plentiful, which suits extensive farming, such as large-scale ranching or shifting cultivation. This is wrong.
    • Option D: demand for produce is low. Low demand would discourage heavy investment in farming. This is wrong.

    Answer: The correct option is B. Intensive farming is practised in urban centres because the human population is high, which means land is scarce and demand for farm produce is strong.

    Exam tip: Link the two farming types to land and population:

    • Intensive = small land, high input, high yield, high population.
    • Extensive = large land, low input, low population density.

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  12. 12.

    Which of the following are the benefits of transportation to a country? I. Diffusion of ideas II. Acculturation III. Unemployment IV. Enhanced trade

    1. A.II, Ill and IV only
    2. B.I, II and IV only
    3. C.I, II and III only
    4. D.I, III and IV only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. I, II and IV only

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  13. 13.

    The mode of transportation which is best used to convey perishable good is

    1. A.air
    2. B.rail
    3. C.road
    4. D.pipeline
    Show answer

    Answer: A. air

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which mode of transport is best for carrying perishable goods. These are items that spoil quickly, such as fresh fish, meat, fruits, vegetables, flowers and fresh milk.

    Step 2: Explain the concept Perishable goods need transport that is:

    • Fast, so the goods arrive before they spoil
    • Reliable, with few delays
    • Able to cover long distances quickly, especially for export

    Step 3: Evaluate each option

    • A. Air: This is the fastest mode of transport. It is ideal for goods that spoil quickly, such as fresh flowers, fruits and seafood exported from Nigeria to Europe. Its main disadvantage is high cost, but it is still the best for preserving perishables.
    • B. Rail: This is cheap for bulky goods, but it is slow and has fixed routes and schedules. Perishables may spoil along the way.
    • C. Road: This is flexible and offers door-to-door delivery. It is widely used for short distances in Nigeria, but it is slower over long distances and affected by traffic and bad roads. It is good, but not the best.
    • D. Pipeline: This only carries liquids and gases such as crude oil, natural gas and water, so it is not suitable for perishable food goods in general.

    Step 4: Answer Air transport is the fastest, so it reduces the time available for spoilage. The correct answer is A. air.

    Tip: Link keywords to modes of transport:

    • Perishable → fast → air
    • Bulky and heavy → rail or water
    • Door-to-door and short distance → road
    • Oil, gas and water → pipeline

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  14. 14.

    The predominant process of weathering in desert regions is

    1. A.biological
    2. B.chemical
    3. C.erosional
    4. D.physical
    Show answer

    Answer: D. physical

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  15. 15.

    The countour interval on the map is

    1. A.50m
    2. B.150m
    3. C.200m
    4. D.250m
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 250m

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  16. 16.

    A rock in which water cannot easily pass through is termed

    1. A.permeable
    2. B.porous
    3. C.impermeable
    4. D.aquifer
    Show answer

    Answer: C. impermeable

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term used for a rock that does not allow water to pass through it easily.

    Step 2: Explain the concepts

    • Permeable rock: has connected spaces or cracks, so water can pass through it easily. Examples are sandstone and limestone, which has joints.
    • Porous rock: has pores (tiny spaces) that can hold water. Porosity is about how much water a rock can store, not how easily water moves through it. Clay is a good example: it is porous and can hold a lot of water, but its pores are so tiny and poorly connected that water barely moves through it.
    • Impermeable rock: does not allow water to pass through it easily. Examples are clay, shale, slate and granite (when unjointed).
    • Aquifer: a rock layer that both stores and transmits water, such as sandstone. Wells and boreholes tap into aquifers.

    Step 3: Match the definition to the options

    • A. Permeable: this is the opposite of what the question describes, so it is wrong.
    • B. Porous: this describes a rock's ability to hold water, not to block it, so it is wrong.
    • C. Impermeable: this matches the description exactly, so it is correct.
    • D. Aquifer: this is a water-bearing rock, the opposite of a water-blocking one, so it is wrong.

    Step 4: Answer The correct term is impermeable, which is option C.

    Exam tip: Look at the prefix. "Im-" means "not," so impermeable means "not permeable." Also remember that porous is about storing water, while permeable is about letting water pass through. WAEC often tests this difference.

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  17. 17.

    In an economy where the major problem to industrial development is the fear of failure, the most important policy to revitalize the industrial sector of such an economy is

    1. A.large capital in form of loan
    2. B.large pool of labour
    3. C.development of innovative entrepreneurs
    4. D.creation of industrial estates
    Show answer

    Answer: C. development of innovative entrepreneurs

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  18. 18.

    Which of the following is not a proof of the spherical shape of the Earth?

    1. A.Ship's visibility
    2. B.Circular horizon
    3. C.Lunar eclipse
    4. D.Coastal submergence
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Coastal submergence

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  19. 19.

    The type C of Koppen's climate is the

    1. A.warm temperate
    2. B.Tropical continental
    3. C.humid continental
    4. D.hot desert
    Show answer

    Answer: A. warm temperate

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  20. 20.

    The scale of the map is

    1. A.1cm to +km
    2. B.1cm to 1km
    3. C.1cm to 2km
    4. D.2cm to 3km
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1cm to 2km

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  21. 21.

    The hinterland of a port is

    1. A.deepest part of a port
    2. B.container section of a port
    3. C.walled area of a port
    4. D.area served by a port
    Show answer

    Answer: D. area served by a port

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: The question asks for the meaning of "hinterland" in relation to a port.

    Explain the concept: The word hinterland comes from German, meaning "the land behind." In Geography, the hinterland of a port is the inland area that supplies the port with goods for export and receives the goods imported through that port. It is also called the port's "catchment area" or "area of influence."

    For example, the hinterland of Lagos (Apapa) port includes much of southwestern Nigeria and extends northward. Goods such as cocoa, timber, and manufactured items move between this region and the port. The hinterland of Port Harcourt port includes the eastern region, with crude oil, coal from Enugu, and agricultural produce.

    Solve step by step:

    • A. Deepest part of a port: This describes the harbour's draught or channel depth, not the hinterland. ✗
    • B. Container section of a port: This is the container terminal. ✗
    • C. Walled area of a port: This refers to the port's enclosed or secure area, not the hinterland. ✗
    • D. Area served by a port: This matches the definition: the inland region that uses the port to send out and receive goods. ✓

    Answer: The hinterland is the area served by a port.

    Exam tip: Remember "hinter" = "behind." The hinterland is the land behind the port that feeds it and depends on it. A related term is foreland, the overseas areas a port trades with. Hinterland is inland, foreland is overseas.

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  22. 22.

    The height at point P is about

    1. A.275m
    2. B.300m
    3. C.375m
    4. D.450m
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 300m

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  23. 23.

    Which of the following towns experiences the type of climate represented?

    1. A.Gao (Mali)
    2. B.Cairo (Egypt)
    3. C.Ward (Nigeria)
    4. D.London (England)
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Cairo (Egypt)

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  24. 24.

    The mean temperature from July to December is

    1. A.16.5 °C
    2. B.17.2 °C
    3. C.27.5 °C
    4. D.28.2 °C
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 16.5 °C

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  25. 25.

    Calculate the distance between town Y which is on latitude 40° N and town Z which is on latitude 10°S

    1. A.1110km
    2. B.3330km
    3. C.4440km
    4. D.5550km
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 5550km

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question Towns Y and Z are on the same meridian (the question gives only latitudes, so we assume this). Y is north of the equator and Z is south of it. We need the distance along the meridian between them.

    Concept

    • One degree of latitude is about 111 km on the Earth's surface.
    • Because Y and Z are on opposite sides of the equator, add their latitudes. If they were on the same side, you would subtract.

    Solution

    Step 1: Find the angular difference. 40° N + 10° S = 50°

    Step 2: Convert to distance. Distance = 50 × 111 km = 5550 km

    Answer: D. 5550 km

    Tip: Use this rule in latitude questions:

    • Same hemisphere (both N or both S): subtract the latitudes.
    • Opposite hemispheres (one N, one S): add the latitudes. Then multiply by 111 km. Options like 1110 km (10°) and 4440 km (40°) are traps for students who use only one of the latitudes.

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  26. 26.

    A temporary salt lake found in arid and semi-arid area is also called

    1. A.playa
    2. B.wadi
    3. C.bajada
    4. D.messa
    Show answer

    Answer: A. playa

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: The question asks for the name of a temporary salt lake found in desert (arid and semi-arid) regions.

    Explain the concept: In arid areas, rain is rare but sometimes heavy. Water from the rain flows into low-lying basins with no outlet to the sea. The water then evaporates quickly in the heat and leaves behind salts. Such a lake is temporary and salty.

    Here is what each option means:

    • A. Playa: A flat, dry lake bed in a desert basin. It fills with water briefly after rain, forming a shallow, temporary salt lake. When the water evaporates, it leaves a crust of salt. It is also called a salt pan or salina.
    • B. Wadi: A dry river valley or channel in the desert. It carries water only after rain. It is a channel, not a lake.
    • C. Bajada: A gentle slope at the foot of a mountain, formed when several alluvial fans join together. It is not a lake.
    • D. Messa: This is not a recognised term for a lake. It is probably a misspelling of mesa, a flat-topped hill with steep sides, which is a landform and not a lake.

    Solution: A temporary lake that holds water only after rain and leaves salt behind when it dries is a playa.

    Tip: Remember "Playa = Pan of salt". Playa sounds like "plain" or "play", a flat area where water briefly "plays" and then disappears. Also remember the other desert terms:

    • Wadi = dry river valley
    • Mesa = flat-topped hill
    • Bajada = foothill slope
    • Playa = temporary salt lake

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  27. 27.

    Temperature decreases with height in the

    1. A.stratosphere
    2. B.troposphere
    3. C.ionosphere
    4. D.exosphere
    Show answer

    Answer: B. troposphere

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which layer of the atmosphere has temperature that decreases as you go higher.

    Step 2: Concept: layers of the atmosphere The atmosphere has layers, and temperature changes differently in each one:

    | Layer | Temperature trend with height | |---|---| | Troposphere (0 to about 12 km) | Decreases (about 6.5°C per 1,000 m) | | Stratosphere (about 12 to 50 km) | Increases (the ozone layer absorbs UV radiation) | | Mesosphere (about 50 to 80 km) | Decreases | | Thermosphere/Ionosphere (about 80 to 600 km) | Increases sharply | | Exosphere (above about 600 km) | Very high, and gradually merges into space |

    Step 3: Apply it to the options

    • A. Stratosphere: Temperature rises with height because ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays. Wrong.
    • B. Troposphere: The air is heated mainly from the ground, which absorbs solar radiation and warms the air above it. The farther you go from the ground, the cooler it gets. This is the normal lapse rate. Correct.
    • C. Ionosphere: It lies within the thermosphere, where temperature increases with height. Wrong.
    • D. Exosphere: The outermost layer, where temperature is high and the air is extremely thin. Wrong.

    **

    Exam tip: Remember the pattern "Down, Up, Down, Up" for the layers from the ground upward: Troposphere ↓, Stratosphere ↑, Mesosphere ↓, Thermosphere ↑. Also remember that the troposphere is where we live and where weather happens, and it is the only one of the lower layers heated from below, which is why it gets colder as you climb. This is why mountain tops like Obudu Plateau are cooler than the lowlands.

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  28. 28.

    Which climatic region is represented by the data?

    1. A.Desert
    2. B.Mediterranean
    3. C.Equatorial
    4. D.Tropical Monsoon
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Equatorial

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  29. 29.

    Which of the following are characteristics of manufacturing induitries in Tropical Africa? I. Export-oriented II. Labour intensive III. Consumer-oriented IV. Diversified production

    1. A.I and II only
    2. B.II and III only
    3. C.I and IV only
    4. D.I and III only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. II and III only

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: You are asked which statements describe manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa.

    Concept: Manufacturing in Tropical Africa is still developing. Most factories are small or medium in size, and many were set up under import-substitution policies. They mainly produce goods for the local population instead of for export.

    Checking each statement:

    • I. Export-oriented: Not typical. Tropical Africa mostly exports raw materials such as cocoa, crude oil and minerals, and imports finished goods. Most factories supply the domestic market. Not a characteristic.
    • II. Labour intensive: True. Capital and technology are limited, while labour is plentiful and cheap, so many industries rely on human labour more than machines. Characteristic.
    • III. Consumer-oriented: True. Most industries make consumer goods such as food and beverages, textiles, soap, cement and household items for local use. Characteristic.
    • IV. Diversified production: Not typical. The industrial base is narrow, with a small range of products concentrated in light consumer goods and agro-processing. Not a characteristic.

    Conclusion: Only II and III are correct, which is option B.

    Exam tip: Remember "Tropical Africa = raw materials out, finished goods in." That means manufacturing is not export-oriented and not diversified. It is labour intensive and consumer-oriented. When a question asks about developing regions, be suspicious of words like "export-oriented," "diversified," and "highly mechanized."

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  30. 30.

    Which factor for location of industries explains the establishment of cement industries near areas of limestone deposits?

    1. A.Market orientation
    2. B.Income source
    3. C.Source of raw material
    4. D.Availability of capital
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Source of raw material

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  31. 31.

    Which climate is characterized by winner rain and summer drought?

    1. A.Equatorial
    2. B.Mediterranean
    3. C.Tropical continental
    4. D.Tropical hinterland
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Mediterranean

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  32. 32.

    What is the approximate distance from Obasa to Oju as the crowflies?

    1. A.10km
    2. B.18km
    3. C.20km
    4. D.25km
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 18km

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  33. 33.

    The lower section of R. Kam is showing signs of old stage because of the presence of

    1. A.spur
    2. B.levee
    3. C.pothole
    4. D.meander
    Show answer

    Answer: D. meander

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  34. 34.

    The major problem facing the railway transportation compared to road transportation is

    1. A.low patronage
    2. B.excessive speed
    3. C.inadequate manpower
    4. D.lack of flexibility
    Show answer

    Answer: D. lack of flexibility

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the major problem of rail transport when compared with road transport. So we are looking for a weakness that rail has and road does not.

    Step 2: Explain the concept Rail transport runs only on fixed tracks between fixed stations. Road transport can reach almost any town, village, or even your doorstep. This difference is called flexibility.

    • Rail: fixed routes, fixed terminals, so goods and passengers need extra transport to and from the station. This is not door-to-door service.
    • Road: flexible routes, door-to-door delivery, and it can be extended anywhere a road can be built.

    Step 3: Evaluate the options

    • A. Low patronage: This is a result of rail's weaknesses (especially in Nigeria), not the basic problem compared with road. It is not the core structural difference.
    • B. Excessive speed: Speed is not a problem. Trains are generally fast and safe, so this is wrong.
    • C. Inadequate manpower: This is not a recognised distinguishing problem of rail versus road.
    • D. Lack of flexibility: Correct. Trains are restricted to the rail lines and cannot deviate or offer door-to-door service the way road vehicles can.

    Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. lack of flexibility.

    Exam tip: When you see "compared to road transport" in a Geography question, think of flexibility and door-to-door service. Road wins on these, while rail wins on carrying heavy, bulky goods over long distances cheaply.

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  35. 35.

    The annual range of temperature is

    1. A.1 °C
    2. B.2 °C
    3. C.22 °C
    4. D.28 °C
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 22 °C

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  36. 36.

    Which of the following economic activities makes use of land and sea breeze?

    1. A.Lumbering
    2. B.Hunting
    3. C.Fishing
    4. D.Mining
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Fishing

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which economic activity uses land and sea breezes. These are local winds found along coasts and large water bodies.

    Step 2: Explain the concept

    • Sea breeze: During the day, land heats faster than the sea. Warm air over the land rises, and cooler air from the sea blows inland.
    • Land breeze: At night, land cools faster than the sea. Cooler air from the land blows out toward the sea.

    So these winds blow in predictable directions at predictable times of day, and they only matter in coastal or water-based settings.

    Step 3: Evaluate the options

    • A. Lumbering: This takes place in forests, so land and sea breezes are not relevant.
    • B. Hunting: This takes place on land and doesn't depend on these breezes.
    • C. Fishing: Traditional fishermen on the coast use these breezes. They go out to sea at night with the land breeze, which blows seaward, and return in the morning with the sea breeze, which blows landward. This helps sailing boats and canoes move with little effort.
    • D. Mining: This takes place underground or on the surface of the land, so it doesn't depend on these winds.

    Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. Fishing.

    Tip: When you see "land and sea breeze" in an exam, think of coasts, boats and fishermen. Remember it as: Land breeze takes fishermen out at night, sea breeze brings them home in the morning.

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  37. 37.

    The day in which the length of day and night are equal everywhere on Earth is

    1. A.21st June
    2. B.30th August
    3. C.21st March
    4. D.22nd December
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 21st March

    AI explanation

    Analyze the question: The question asks for the date when day and night are equal in length everywhere on Earth. This is called an equinox.

    Explain the concept:

    • The Earth's axis is tilted at about 23½° to its orbital plane.
    • Because of this tilt, the length of day and night changes through the year.
    • On an equinox, the Sun's vertical rays fall directly on the Equator. Both hemispheres receive equal sunlight, so day and night are each about 12 hours everywhere.
    • There are two equinoxes each year: • 21st March (March or Spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere) • 23rd September (September or Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere)

    Check each option:

    • A. 21st June: This is the June solstice. The Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23½°N). The Northern Hemisphere has its longest day, so day and night are unequal.
    • B. 30th August: This is not a special date in the Earth's yearly cycle.
    • C. 21st March: This is the equinox. The Sun is overhead at the Equator, so day and night are equal. ✔
    • D. 22nd December: This is the December solstice. The Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S). The Southern Hemisphere has its longest day, so day and night are unequal.

    Answer: The correct option is C. 21st March.

    Exam tip: Remember that "equinox" means "equal night." If you see an equinox question, look for 21st March or 23rd September. If you see "solstice," look for 21st June or 22nd December.

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  38. 38.

    The bearing of Danki from Oju is

    1. A.90°
    2. B.150°
    3. C.285°
    4. D.355°
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 150°

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  39. 39.

    Hamada is another name for

    1. A.sandy desert
    2. B.stony desert
    3. C.rocky desert
    4. D.cold desert
    Show answer

    Answer: C. rocky desert

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  40. 40.

    Town A is located on longitude 15°E, while town B is located on longitude 45°E. If the local time in town A is 6.00am, what will be the local time in town B?

    1. A.4.00pm
    2. B.4.00am
    3. C.8.00pm
    4. D.8.00am
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 8.00am

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  41. 41.

    How many Standard Time Zones will a country with a longitudinal extent of 155° have?

    1. A.9
    2. B.11
    3. C.15
    4. D.16
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 11

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  42. 42.

    One of the following features is an example of faulting

    1. A.Plateau
    2. B.Caldera
    3. C.Rift valley
    4. D.Fold mountain
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Rift valley

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which landform results from faulting, which is the fracturing and displacement of rock layers in the Earth's crust.

    Step 2: Explain the concept Faulting happens when tension or compression is strong enough to break the crust along lines of weakness called faults. The main landforms from faulting are:

    • Rift valley (graben): a block of land that drops down between two roughly parallel faults.
    • Block mountain (horst): a block left standing high between faults, or pushed up.
    • Escarpment / fault scarp: a steep slope formed along a fault line.

    Step 3: Check each option

    • A. Plateau: a high, flat-topped upland. It is formed by uplift, lava flows, or erosion, and is not a typical product of faulting.
    • B. Caldera: a large crater formed by volcanic collapse or explosion. It is a volcanic feature.
    • C. Rift valley: formed when land sinks between two parallel faults. This is a classic example of faulting.
    • D. Fold mountain: formed by compression that bends rock layers into folds, like the Alps or the Himalayas. This is folding, not faulting.

    Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. Rift valley.

    Tip: Remember "Fault = Fracture". Faulting gives you rift valleys, block mountains and fault scarps. Folding gives you fold mountains. Examples to remember are the East African Rift Valley and, in Nigeria, the Benue Trough area. Also remember that Fold = Bend, Fault = Break.

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  43. 43.

    Which of the following problems hinder international trade? I. Political instability II. Low tariffs III. Inadequate foreign exchange IV. Strained relations

    1. A.I, II and IV only
    2. B.II, Ill and IV only
    3. C.I, II and III only
    4. D.I, III and IV only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. I, III and IV only

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  44. 44.

    An example of local craft industry is

    1. A.pottery
    2. B.ship building
    3. C.fish preservation
    4. D.sand winning
    Show answer

    Answer: A. pottery

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  45. 45.

    The feature in the south-west of Musa is

    1. A.a cliff
    2. B.an island
    3. C.a cave
    4. D.an inselberg
    Show answer

    Answer: C. a cave

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  46. 46.

    Petroleum is usually found in

    1. A.resistant rocks
    2. B.metamorphic rocks
    3. C.igneous rocks
    4. D.sedimentary rocks
    Show answer

    Answer: D. sedimentary rocks

    AI explanation

    Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which type of rock petroleum (crude oil and natural gas) is usually found in.

    Step 2: Explain the concept Petroleum forms from the remains of tiny marine plants and animals (plankton, algae) that died and settled on the sea floor millions of years ago. Over time, they were buried under layers of sediment (sand, silt, clay). Heat and pressure slowly turned the organic matter into oil and gas.

    For this to happen, you need:

    • Source rock: sedimentary rock (like shale) rich in organic material.
    • Reservoir rock: porous and permeable sedimentary rock (like sandstone or limestone) that can hold the oil.
    • Cap rock: an impermeable layer (like clay or shale) that traps the oil.

    Step 3: Eliminate the options

    • A. Resistant rocks: This is not a rock class. It describes how well a rock withstands erosion, so it is not correct.
    • B. Metamorphic rocks: These formed under intense heat and pressure, which would destroy the organic matter and the pore spaces needed to hold oil.
    • C. Igneous rocks: These formed from cooled magma or lava. The high temperatures involved leave no organic remains, and the rocks are generally non-porous.
    • D. Sedimentary rocks: These are formed from layered deposits, contain fossils and organic matter, and have pore spaces that store oil. This is correct.

    Step 4: Answer Petroleum is usually found in sedimentary rocks, which is option D.

    Nigerian context: The Niger Delta, where most of Nigeria's oil is produced, is a large sedimentary basin. The same is true of the Anambra and Benue basins.

    Exam tip: Remember "Fossils, Fuels, and Folded layers = Sedimentary." Coal, petroleum, and natural gas (fossil fuels) are all linked to sedimentary rocks.

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  47. 47.

    A fall in sea level can lead to the formation of

    1. A.mud flat
    2. B.raised beach
    3. C.tombolo
    4. D.glup
    Show answer

    Answer: B. raised beach

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  48. 48.

    The main difference between town and village is that

    1. A.village has more food storage facility
    2. B.village has more occupations
    3. C.town performs more tertiary function
    4. D.town has more unqualified workers
    Show answer

    Answer: C. town performs more tertiary function

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  49. 49.

    Which of the following is not-a sea route?

    1. A.London -> Moscow -> Baghdad
    2. B.London -> Cape Town --> Melbourne
    3. C.New York -> London -> Rotterdam
    4. D.Sydney -> Suez -> London
    Show answer

    Answer: A. London -> Moscow -> Baghdad

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  50. 50.

    All the following settlements are intervisible from KUSH except

    1. A.Oju
    2. B.Danki
    3. C.Musa
    4. D.Kalu
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Kalu

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