Which of the following can be considered the father of Nigerian nationalism?

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks who is widely regarded as the "father of Nigerian nationalism". This is about the early nationalist movement in Nigeria, which began in the early 20th century.

Step 2: Explain the concept Nigerian nationalism was the movement that pushed for self-government and an end to British colonial rule. Its pioneers were the early agitators who organised political resistance before the later, more famous leaders emerged.

Step 3: Evaluate the options

• A. Nnamdi Azikiwe: Known as "Zik of Africa". He was a leading nationalist, founder of the West African Pilot, a leader of the NCNC, and later Nigeria's first President. He is often called the "father of modern Nigerian nationalism", but he came after Macaulay.
• B. Ernest Ikoli: A journalist and politician, editor of the African Messenger and Daily Times, and a member of the Nigerian Youth Movement. He was important, but not the pioneer.
• C. Obafemi Awolowo: Leader of the Action Group and the first Premier of the Western Region. He was prominent in the later nationalist period.
• D. Herbert Macaulay: Founded the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) in 1923, the first Nigerian political party. He also founded the Lagos Daily News and later co-founded the NCNC in 1944. He campaigned against colonial policies, such as the water rate and the Oba of Lagos's land case, long before the others. For these reasons he is called the "father of Nigerian nationalism".

Step 4: Answer Herbert Macaulay was the earliest and most influential pioneer of organised political nationalism in Nigeria.

Exam tip: Remember this order: Macaulay (pioneer, 1920s) → Zik, Awolowo, Ikoli (the later generation). If you see "father of Nigerian nationalism", think Macaulay. If you see "Zik of Africa" or "father of modern Nigerian nationalism", think Azikiwe.