Which of the following was NOT an attribute of the warrant chiefs in Eastern Nigeria during colonial era?

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which option was NOT an attribute of the warrant chiefs. So we are looking for the positive or neutral trait, since the warrant chiefs are mostly remembered for negative things.

Step 2: Background concept Warrant chiefs were appointed by the British in Eastern Nigeria (Igboland and neighbouring areas) under the system of indirect rule. Because the Igbo had no tradition of centralised chiefs, the British gave "warrants" to selected individuals, authorising them to rule and sit in Native Courts.

Step 3: Characteristics of the warrant chiefs

• Autocratic (A): They had no traditional legitimacy and ruled without consulting the people. ✔ an attribute
• Corruption (B): They took bribes and used the Native Courts to enrich themselves. ✔ an attribute
• Exploitation (D): They extorted money and forced labour from the people. ✔ an attribute
• Oppression (E): They were harsh and abusive, a major cause of the 1929 Aba Women's Riot. ✔ an attribute
• Effectiveness (C): The system was widely regarded as a failure. The chiefs lacked acceptance, and the system collapsed after the Aba Women's Riot, leading to reforms. ✘ not an attribute

Step 4: Answer The warrant chief system was ineffective, not effective, so the option that was NOT an attribute is C. Effectiveness.

Tip: For Nigerian colonial history, remember "Warrant chiefs = Wicked, not Worthy." Words like autocratic, corrupt, oppressive and exploitative fit them. Positive words like "effective," "democratic" or "popular" are usually the odd ones out.