Which of the following is permanent in international politics?

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what is permanent in international politics. This comes from a well-known principle in international relations.

Step 2: Explain the concept A famous saying, usually credited to Lord Palmerston, a British Prime Minister, states:

> "Nations have no permanent friends or permanent enemies, only permanent interests."

This is the core of the realist view of international politics. States act mainly to protect and promote their national interest. This covers security, economic well-being, and power. Alliances and attitudes toward other countries change as those interests change.

Step 3: Evaluate the options

• A. Bilateral relationship: This is a form of relationship between two states. It can start, change, or end, so it is not permanent.
• B. Economic aid: This is given or withdrawn depending on circumstances, so it is not permanent.
• C. Friendship: Friendships between countries shift. Allies today can become rivals tomorrow.
• D. Interest: Every state always pursues its national interest, so it is constant. ✔
• E. Peace: Peace is desirable, but wars and conflicts happen, so it is not guaranteed or permanent.

Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. interest.

Example (Nigerian context): Nigeria's foreign policy has changed its partners and priorities over time, such as its stance during the Cold War and its involvement in ECOWAS and the AU. What stays constant is the aim of protecting Nigeria's national interest.

Exam tip: Remember the phrase "No permanent friends, no permanent enemies, only permanent interests." If a question asks what is permanent in international relations, think interest.