Constitutionalism emphasises that those who govern the state should do so according to

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what constitutionalism requires of those who govern a state. It is about the basis on which authority is exercised.

Step 2: Explain the concept Constitutionalism is the principle that government power must be limited by a constitution, meaning established laws, rules, and procedures. It is the opposite of arbitrary rule. Its key features include:

• The rule of law
• Limited government and separation of powers
• Respect for fundamental human rights
• Accountability of leaders to the people

So rulers are bound by established rules rather than personal wishes.

Step 3: Evaluate the options

• A. Laid down rules of public order: Correct. It refers to established laws and rules, which is the core of constitutionalism.
• B. The dictates of political leaders: Wrong. This describes personal or autocratic rule.
• C. The direction of legal luminaries: Wrong. Lawyers and judges interpret the law, but they do not direct the government.
• D. The satisfaction of their egos: Wrong. This is self-serving rule.
• E. Their whims and caprices: Wrong. This is arbitrary rule, which constitutionalism opposes.

Step 4: Answer The correct option is A: those who govern should do so according to laid down rules of public order.

Tip: In Government questions on constitutionalism, think "rules over rulers." Any option about personal wishes, egos, whims, or dictates of one person is almost certainly a distractor. The correct answer will point to law, rules, or the constitution.