In literature, the two components of diction are

A. sentence construction and punctuation

C. syntax and sentence construction

In drama, catharsis is the

D. purgation of emotion from tension

B. conflict between two characters

D. purgation of emotion from tension

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WAEC (WASSCE) 2022

2022 WAEC (WASSCE) Literature in English Past Questions and Answers

The 2022 WAEC (WASSCE) Literature in English past questions with answers: 49 objective questions from the 2022 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.

Practise this paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT All WAEC (WASSCE) Literature in English years

Questions

1.
A novel that features spiritual apparitions as major character is
1. A.Epistolary
2. B.Gothic
3. C.Historical
4. D.Socialogical
Show answer
Answer: B. Gothic
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which type of novel uses spiritual apparitions (ghosts, spirits) as major characters.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
Epistolary novel: Told through letters or diary entries (e.g., Pamela, The Color Purple). The focus is on the form, not on ghosts.
Gothic novel: Combines mystery, horror, the supernatural, and eerie settings such as castles and haunted houses. Ghosts, spirits, and apparitions are typical features (e.g., The Castle of Otranto, Frankenstein, Wuthering Heights with its ghostly touches).
Historical novel: Set in a real past period, with real events and settings (e.g., Things Fall Apart has a historical backdrop).
Sociological novel: Focuses on social issues and how society shapes people (e.g., The Beggar's Strike).
Step 3: Solve Spiritual apparitions are the supernatural, and the supernatural is a hallmark of the Gothic genre. None of the other types is defined by ghostly or spirit characters. So the answer is Gothic.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. Gothic.
Exam tip: Link keywords to genres: "letters" means epistolary, "ghosts/horror/mystery" means Gothic, "past events" means historical, and "social problems" means sociological.
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2.
The pair are lovers by
1. A.accident
2. B.fate
3. C.design
4. D.fortune
Show answer
Answer: C. design
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3.This question needs a diagram, table or passage that we don't have yet, so it isn't shown.
4.
The last sentence conveys the mood of
1. A.anxiety
2. B.despondency
3. C.excitement
4. D.nonchalance
Show answer
Answer: C. excitement
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5.
More haste, less speed illustrates the use of
1. A.anaphora
2. B.paradox
3. C.litotes
4. D.synecdoche
Show answer
Answer: B. paradox
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6.
Who is the speaker?
1. A.Demetrius
2. B.Egeus
3. C.Hermia
4. D.Theseus
Show answer
Answer: D. Theseus
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7.
Speakers X and Y are
1. A.Demetrious and Puck
2. B.Lysander and Demetrius
3. C.Hermia and Helen
4. D.Lysander and Puck
Show answer
Answer: D. Lysander and Puck
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8.
The speaker has just come out of
1. A.an appalling experience
2. B.a nightmare
3. C.an induced sleep
4. D.a rehearsal
Show answer
Answer: A. an appalling experience
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9.
Did your read our minds in your lies? exemplifies
1. A.personification
2. B.oxymoron
3. C.pathetic fallacy
4. D.rhetorical question
Show answer
Answer: D. rhetorical question
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10.
In literature, the two components of diction are
1. A.sentence construction and punctuation
2. B.vocabulary and punctuation
3. C.syntax and sentence construction
4. D.vocabulary and syntax
Show answer
Answer: D. vocabulary and syntax
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the two components that make up diction in literature.
Step 2: Explain the concept Diction is the author's or speaker's choice of words and style of expression. In literary analysis, it is usually described in two parts:
Vocabulary (word choice): the specific words chosen, such as formal or informal, simple or complex, figurative or literal.
Syntax (word arrangement): the way the chosen words are arranged into phrases and sentences, such as sentence order, length, and structure.
Together, these show how a writer's choice and arrangement of words create tone, mood, and meaning.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
A. Sentence construction and punctuation: Punctuation is a mechanical feature of writing, not a component of diction. Wrong.
B. Vocabulary and punctuation: Vocabulary is correct, but punctuation is not part of diction. Wrong.
C. Syntax and sentence construction: These are essentially the same thing, since syntax is sentence construction. This option leaves out vocabulary, so it is wrong.
D. Vocabulary and syntax: Covers both word choice and word arrangement. Correct.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. vocabulary and syntax.
Exam tip: Remember "Diction = Words + Order". Diction covers which words (vocabulary) and how they are arranged (syntax). If an option includes punctuation, it is usually a distractor.
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11.
The last lines of both stanzas present
1. A.Negative but similar ideas
2. B.opposite ideas
3. C.Positive but opposite ideas
4. D.similar ideas
Show answer
Answer: C. Positive but opposite ideas
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12.
The wars are over
1. A.Helena
2. B.Titania
3. C.Hermia
4. D.Hippolyta
Show answer
Answer: B. Titania
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13.
Lines 3 and 4 illustrate
1. A.antithesis
2. B.oxymoron
3. C.anti-climax
4. D.metonymy
Show answer
Answer: C. anti-climax
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14.
The speaker is
This question refers to an extract from the original paper, which isn't shown here.
1. A.Egeus
2. B.Oberon
3. C.Puke
4. D.Theseus
Show answer
Answer: B. Oberon
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15.
Speaker Y speaks in the voice of
This question refers to an extract from the original paper, which isn't shown here.
1. A.Bottom
2. B.Demetrius
3. C.Oberon
4. D.Lysander
Show answer
Answer: A. Bottom
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16.
A word or a phrase that is repeated at regular intervals in a poem or a play is a
1. A.dirge
2. B.refrain
3. C.lullaby
4. D.verse
Show answer
Answer: B. refrain
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term describing a word or phrase that is repeated at regular intervals in a poem (or play).
Step 2: Explain the concept and check each option
A. Dirge: A song or poem of mourning, usually sung at a funeral. It is defined by its theme (grief), not by repetition.
B. Refrain: A line, phrase, or word repeated at regular intervals, often at the end of each stanza. It reinforces the theme, adds rhythm, and creates emphasis. This matches the question exactly.
C. Lullaby: A soothing song sung to put a child to sleep. It is defined by its purpose.
D. Verse: A single line of poetry, or sometimes a stanza. It does not mean repetition.
Step 3: Identify the answer The term for a word or phrase repeated at regular intervals is a refrain.
Example: In many Nigerian folk songs and in call-and-response poetry, the chorus line that returns after each stanza is a refrain.
Exam tip: Remember "REfrain = REpeat". When a question mentions repetition at intervals, think refrain.
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17.
The architect of the speaker's current state is
1. A.Hippolyta
2. B.Oberon
3. C.Titania
4. D.Theseus
Show answer
Answer: A. Hippolyta
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18.
The narrative technique used is
1. A.1st person
2. B.Dialogue
3. C.3rd person
4. D.stream of consciousness
Show answer
Answer: C. 3rd person
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19.
The speaker appears to be
1. A.blaming himself
2. B.commending the addressee
3. C.enjoying himself
4. D.lamenting the sight
Show answer
Answer: C. enjoying himself
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20.
Disguise in drama mostly portrays the theme of
1. A.known identity
2. B.plain identity
3. C.unknown identity
4. D.mistaken identity
Show answer
Answer: D. mistaken identity
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which theme is most often portrayed when a character uses a disguise in a play.
Step 2: Explain the concept Disguise is a dramatic device in which a character hides their real identity by changing their appearance, clothing, or name. Its main effect is that other characters (and sometimes the audience) misjudge who the person really is. This leads to confusion, humour, irony, or plot twists.
Examples you may know:
Twelfth Night (Shakespeare): Viola disguises herself as Cesario, and Olivia falls in love with "him". This causes mistaken identity.
As You Like It: Rosalind disguises herself as Ganymede.
The Merchant of Venice: Portia and Nerissa disguise themselves as a lawyer and a clerk.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
A. Known identity: If an identity is known, there is no need for disguise. Wrong.
B. Plain identity: This means an obvious identity, which is the opposite of disguise. Wrong.
C. Unknown identity: This is close, because a disguised person's identity is hidden. But the theme in drama is the confusion that results, not merely that someone is unknown. It is less precise.
D. Mistaken identity: Disguise leads other characters to take someone for who they are not. This is the established dramatic theme. Correct.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. mistaken identity.
Step 5: Exam tip Link the device to its theme: disguise → mistaken identity. In literature questions, when two options look similar, choose the one that is a recognised literary term. "Mistaken identity" is a standard term, while "unknown identity" is not.
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21.This question needs a diagram, table or passage that we don't have yet, so it isn't shown.
22.
The tone of the speaker shows
1. A.contentment
2. B.helplessness
3. C.patience
4. D.resilience
Show answer
Answer: A. contentment
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23.
While the speaker is talking
1. A.Egeus departs
2. B.Flute arrives
3. C.the fairies sing
4. D.Philostrate departs
Show answer
Answer: A. Egeus departs
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24.
My bounty is as boundless as the sea my love as deep The above lines illustrate
This question refers to an extract from the original paper, which isn't shown here.
1. A.apostrophe
2. B.epigram
3. C.hyperbole
4. D.euphemism
Show answer
Answer: C. hyperbole
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The lines come from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (Juliet speaking): "My bounty is as boundless as the sea, my love as deep." We are asked to identify the figure of speech.
Explain the concepts:
Apostrophe: addressing an absent person, object, or abstract idea directly (e.g., "O Death, where is thy sting?").
Epigram: a short, witty, memorable saying.
Hyperbole: deliberate, extreme exaggeration for emphasis.
Euphemism: a mild expression used in place of a harsh or unpleasant one (e.g., "passed away" for "died").
Step-by-step solution:
Juliet compares her generosity ("bounty") to the sea, saying it is boundless, with no limits at all.
She says her love is as deep as the sea. The sea is vast and its depth is immense.
Nobody's generosity or love can literally be limitless. She is stretching the truth to show how strong her feelings are.
The lines also use a simile ("as boundless as the sea"). But simile is not among the options, so the best answer is the figure of exaggeration.
Checking the other options:
Apostrophe: she is not addressing an absent person or thing in these lines.
Epigram: the lines are not a short, witty saying.
Euphemism: nothing is being softened.
Answer: The lines illustrate hyperbole, which is option C.
Exam tip: When a line uses extreme words like "boundless," "endless," "deeper than the ocean," or "a million times," think hyperbole. If it uses "like" or "as," also think simile, but choose hyperbole when simile isn't offered.
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25.
Several hands stretched out for free meals at the refugee camp illustrates
1. A.Antithesis
2. B.Euphemism
3. C.Litotes
4. D.Synecdoche
Show answer
Answer: D. Synecdoche
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The sentence is "Several hands stretched out for free meals at the refugee camp." We need to identify the figure of speech. The word "hands" stands in for the people who are reaching out.
Step 2: Explain the concept
Antithesis: placing contrasting ideas side by side (e.g., "To err is human; to forgive, divine").
Euphemism: using a mild or polite expression in place of a harsh one (e.g., "passed away" for "died").
Litotes: understatement that affirms something by negating its opposite (e.g., "He is not a bad singer").
Synecdoche: a part is used to represent the whole, or the whole to represent a part (e.g., "all hands on deck" or "boots on the ground").
Step 3: Apply to the sentence "Hands" is a part of the body used to represent the whole people (the refugees) who are reaching out for food. There is no contrast (so not antithesis), no softening of a harsh idea (so not euphemism), and no understatement through negation (so not litotes). The part (hands) stands for the whole (persons), which is synecdoche.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. Synecdoche.
Tip: When a body part or a small piece of something stands for a whole person or thing (hands, heads, boots, wheels), think synecdoche. Remember it as "Part for the whole."
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26.
The warriors conquered my men and my country illustrates the use of
1. A.Paradox
2. B.Litotes
3. C.Parallelism
4. D.Zeugma
Show answer
Answer: D. Zeugma
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27.
A story with elements that have both literal and figurative meanings is
1. A.an allegory
2. B.a fable
3. C.a novella
4. D.an epistle
Show answer
Answer: A. an allegory
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a type of story whose elements (characters, events, settings) work on two levels: the literal (the surface story) and the figurative (a deeper, symbolic meaning).
Step 2: Explain the concepts
Allegory: A story in which characters, events, and settings symbolize deeper moral, political, or spiritual ideas. It can be read literally as a story and figuratively for its hidden meaning. Examples: Animal Farm by George Orwell (the animals' revolt represents the Russian Revolution) and The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan.
Fable: A short story, usually with talking animals, that teaches a moral lesson (e.g., the tortoise and the hare). It is related to allegory, but its defining feature is a short moral tale, not sustained dual-level meaning throughout.
Novella: A prose fiction of medium length, longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. It describes length, not meaning.
Epistle: A letter, or a literary work written in the form of a letter. It describes form, not meaning.
Step 3: Eliminate the options
C (novella) is about length, so it is out.
D (epistle) is about letter form, so it is out.
B (fable) is mainly defined by its moral lesson and often animal characters, not by the layering of literal and figurative meaning.
A (allegory) is defined by exactly this two-level meaning.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. an allegory.
Exam tip: Link allegory with "allegory = a story with a hidden meaning". Think of Animal Farm: it is a farm story on the surface, but a political story underneath. If a question mentions both literal and symbolic/figurative levels, choose allegory.
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28.
A short play performed between the acts of a bigger play for entertainment is
1. A.an in media res
2. B.an interlude
3. C.an incantation
4. D.a deux ex machina
Show answer
Answer: B. an interlude
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29.
Speaker Y's speech can be described as
This question refers to an extract from the original paper, which isn't shown here.
1. A.cowardly
2. B.solemn
3. C.taunting
4. D.silly
Show answer
Answer: C. taunting
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30.
An aside in drama is used mostly to create a sense of
1. A.admiration
2. B.conspiracy
3. C.greatness
4. D.superiority
Show answer
Answer: B. conspiracy
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31.This question needs a diagram, table or passage that we don't have yet, so it isn't shown.
32.
To win Hippolyta's love, the speaker
1. A.disowned his friends
2. B.had to fight against her
3. C.killed his father
4. D.sent Puck away
Show answer
Answer: C. killed his father
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33.
It is a state of
1. A.deception
2. B.ignorance
3. C.illusion
4. D.innocence
Show answer
Answer: A. deception
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34.
Speaker Y's intention is to stop
This question refers to an extract from the original paper, which isn't shown here.
1. A.plan
2. B.fight
3. C.plot
4. D.flight
Show answer
Answer: B. fight
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35.
The speaker's language is best described as
1. A.comic
2. B.satiric
3. C.conceit
4. D.metaphoric
Show answer
Answer: D. metaphoric
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36.
Philostrate is
1. A.Clown of Hippolyta
2. B.Duke's entertainer
3. C.Fairy king's cuckold
4. D.Rival of Puck
Show answer
Answer: B. Duke's entertainer
AI explanation
Analyzing the question: The question asks about the character Philostrate, who appears in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, a popular WASSCE Literature-in-English text.
Concept: In the play, Philostrate is the Master of the Revels (Master of the Ceremonies) to Theseus, Duke of Athens. His job is to arrange entertainment and amusements for the Duke's court, especially for the wedding celebrations of Theseus and Hippolyta.
Working through it:
In Act 1, Scene 1, Theseus tells Philostrate to "Stir up the Athenian youth to merriments" and to prepare festivities for the upcoming wedding.
In Act 5, Scene 1, Philostrate presents Theseus with a list of possible entertainments. He recommends against the mechanicals' play, "Pyramus and Thisbe", saying it is not worth watching. Theseus insists on seeing it anyway.
Now we check each option:
A. Clown of Hippolyta: Wrong. Philostrate serves Theseus, not Hippolyta, and he is not a clown.
B. Duke's entertainer: Correct. He is the Duke's Master of the Revels, in charge of the Duke's entertainment.
C. Fairy king's cuckold: Wrong. This is nonsense. Oberon is the fairy king, and Philostrate has nothing to do with him.
D. Rival of Puck: Wrong. Puck (Robin Goodfellow) is Oberon's servant, and Philostrate is a human in the Athenian court, so they are not rivals.
Answer: The correct option is B. Duke's entertainer.
Exam tip: Match each character to their world. In this play there are three groups:
The court: Theseus, Hippolyta, Philostrate, Egeus
The lovers: Lysander, Demetrius, Hermia, Helena
The fairies: Oberon, Titania, Puck
The mechanicals: Bottom, Quince, Flute, and others
Philostrate belongs with the court, so look for an answer linked to the Duke.
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37.
In drama, catharsis is the
1. A.change of setting
2. B.conflict between two characters
3. C.resolution of conflict
4. D.purgation of emotion from tension
Show answer
Answer: D. purgation of emotion from tension
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the meaning of catharsis as a term in drama.
Step 2: Explain the concept Catharsis comes from the Greek word katharsis, meaning "purification" or "cleansing." The philosopher Aristotle used it in his Poetics to describe the effect of tragedy on the audience. As the audience watches the hero suffer, they feel pity and fear. By the end of the play, those emotions are released, leaving the audience feeling relieved and emotionally cleansed.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
A. Change of setting: This is a change in the place or time of the action. It has nothing to do with catharsis.
B. Conflict between two characters: This describes the conflict, or the rising action of the plot. It is not catharsis.
C. Resolution of conflict: This is the denouement or resolution. It is close to the point where catharsis happens, but it describes the plot, not the emotional effect on the audience.
D. Purgation of emotion from tension: Purgation means cleansing or release. This matches Aristotle's idea of catharsis, the release of built-up emotions such as pity and fear.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D.
Tip: Think of "catharsis" as a cleansing of emotions. A similar word is "cathartic," which describes a medicine that purges the body. In the same way, catharsis purges the emotions. Also remember that denouement is for plot resolution, while catharsis is for emotional release.
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38.
This sweet sight refers to
1. A.Bottom and Titania
2. B.Demetrius and Helena
3. C.Lysander and Hermia
4. D.Pyramus and Thisbe
Show answer
Answer: D. Pyramus and Thisbe
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39.
Men swift to see things done , do not run their commanding. The words in italics exemplify
1. A.pun
2. B.end rhyme
3. C.internal rhyme
4. D.paradox
Show answer
Answer: D. paradox
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40.
A novel that recounts the adventures of a likeable rogue is
1. A.panegyric
2. B.gothic
3. C.picaresque
4. D.grotesque
Show answer
Answer: C. picaresque
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term for a novel about the adventures of a likeable rogue, meaning a roguish hero who lives by his wits.
Step 2: Explain the concepts
Panegyric: a formal speech or writing of high praise for a person or achievement. It is not a novel type.
Gothic: fiction with mystery, horror, gloomy castles and supernatural events (e.g., Frankenstein, Dracula).
Picaresque: a style of fiction that follows the episodic adventures of a roguish, witty, low-born hero (the Spanish word picaro means "rogue"). He survives by his cleverness and often satirises society along the way.
Grotesque: a style that mixes the bizarre, distorted or absurd, often with comedy and horror together.
Step 3: Match the definition "Adventures" plus "likeable rogue" points directly to the picaresque. Examples include Lazarillo de Tormes, Don Quixote (in part), Tom Jones and Moll Flanders. In African literature, Amos Tutuola's wandering heroes and some of Cyprian Ekwensi's city characters have picaresque touches.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. picaresque.
Tip: Link picaro = rogue. If you see "rogue," "episodic adventures" or "wandering hero who survives by wit," think picaresque. For gothic, think "ghosts and gloomy castles."
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41.
The relationship between the speaker and thou in the first line is one of
This question refers to an extract from the original paper, which isn't shown here.
1. A.companionship
2. B.friendship
3. C.king and courtier
4. D.master and errand boy
Show answer
Answer: D. master and errand boy
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42.
At the fall of their house, the widow lost her husband, her sewing machine and her ear-rings illustrates
1. A.bathos
2. B.epigram
3. C.pathos
4. D.oxymoron
Show answer
Answer: A. bathos
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The sentence is "At the fall of their house, the widow lost her husband, her sewing machine and her ear-rings." We need to name the literary device it illustrates.
Key concept:
Bathos: a sudden, often unintentional drop from a serious or lofty idea to a trivial or ridiculous one. It creates an anticlimax.
Pathos: language that evokes pity or sorrow.
Epigram: a short, witty, memorable saying.
Oxymoron: two contradictory terms placed together, such as "bitter sweet."
Step-by-step solution:
The list begins with something very serious: the loss of her husband, a human life.
It then moves to her sewing machine and her ear-rings, which are trivial by comparison.
Putting the husband in the same list as ordinary possessions makes the tone fall from grave to petty. This sudden descent is an anticlimax, which is the definition of bathos.
Pathos is not the best answer. The sentence mentions a sad situation, but its effect is the drop in seriousness, not a deepening of sympathy.
It is not an epigram, because it is not a witty, compact saying. It is not an oxymoron, because there are no contradictory words.
Correct answer: A. bathos
Exam tip: Look at how the items in a list are ordered. If they go from important to silly, think bathos. If the passage simply makes you feel sorry for someone, think pathos. A memory aid: BAthos = BAd drop, a fall in tone.
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43.This question needs a diagram, table or passage that we don't have yet, so it isn't shown.
44.
The tone of the poet is
1. A.jocular
2. B.harsh
3. C.mournful
4. D.sombre
Show answer
Answer: A. jocular
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45.
The literary term describing individuals in a work of literature is
1. A.characters
2. B.protagonist
3. C.narrator
4. D.villain
Show answer
Answer: A. characters
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the general literary term for individuals (all the people) who appear in a work of literature. The key idea is that it covers everyone, not just one type of person.
Step 2: Explain the concept In literature, the people (or sometimes animals or beings) who take part in the story are called characters. They can be grouped by role:
Protagonist: the main character, around whom the plot revolves.
Antagonist/villain: the character who opposes the protagonist.
Narrator: the voice that tells the story. The narrator may or may not be a character.
Other types: major and minor characters, round and flat characters, dynamic and static characters.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
A. Characters: This is the general term for all individuals in a literary work. ✔
B. Protagonist: This is only the main character, so it is too specific.
C. Narrator: This is the storyteller, not a term for all individuals.
D. Villain: This is a single type of character, the wrongdoer, so it is too narrow.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. characters.
Exam tip: When a question uses a general word like "individuals" or "people in a work," look for the broad umbrella term. Options such as protagonist, villain and narrator are specific roles that fall under it. Remember: Characters = all; protagonist, villain and others = specific types.
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46.
The reference to mountain illustrates
1. A.allusion
2. B.irony
3. C.parallelism
4. D.antithesis
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Answer: D. antithesis
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47.
The speaker's attitude towards melancholy is
1. A.adoration
2. B.dislike
3. C.intolerance
4. D.tolerance
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Answer: D. tolerance
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48.
But they have soothed us calmly, your lies illustrate
1. A.paradox
2. B.irony
3. C.synecdoche
4. D.zeugma
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Answer: A. paradox
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49.
Flood waters met in a mocking kiss illustrates
1. A.contrast
2. B.euphemism
3. C.personification
4. D.litotes
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Answer: C. personification
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