Which of the following electoral systems is ideal for a heterogeneous society?

Step 1: Analyze the question A heterogeneous society has many different ethnic, religious, linguistic, or political groups, as Nigeria does. The question asks which electoral system best gives all these groups a fair voice.

Step 2: Explain the concept Proportional representation (PR) allocates seats in proportion to the votes each party or group receives. This means minority groups can win seats and are not shut out by larger groups.

Step 3: Examine each option

• A. Simple majority (first-past-the-post): The candidate with the most votes wins, and everything else is "wasted." Larger groups tend to dominate and minorities are often left unrepresented. This is not ideal for a diverse society.
• B. Preferential ballot: Voters rank candidates, and lower-ranked choices are counted if no one wins outright. It is fairer than simple majority, but it is still usually used in single-seat contests and does not guarantee representation for all groups.
• C. Non-transferable vote: Voters cast votes in multi-member districts, but their votes cannot be moved to other candidates. It is not designed to ensure inclusive representation.
• D. Proportional representation: Seats match the share of votes won, so even small groups gain a voice in government. This promotes inclusiveness, reduces marginalization, and eases ethnic tensions. It is the best fit for a heterogeneous society.

Step 4: Answer The correct answer is D. Proportional representation.

Tip: Link the keywords "heterogeneous / plural / minorities" with "proportional representation." In Government exams, whenever you see "fair representation of minorities," think PR. Also remember that simple majority is the usual answer for "easy to operate/simple," while PR is the answer for "inclusive."