The following were checks on the powers of chiefs during the pre-colonial era except the __________

Analyze the question: The question asks which of the options was NOT a check on the powers of chiefs before colonial rule (pre-colonial era). So we are looking for the "odd one out."

Concept: In pre-colonial Nigerian societies (Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and others), traditional rulers were not absolute. Their power was limited by several institutions:

• Kingmakers: They selected the ruler and, in some places (like the Oyo Empire's Oyomesi), could force a ruler to abdicate.
• Council of Elders/Chiefs: They advised the ruler and ensured decisions reflected the interests of the community.
• Age grades: These groups carried out community duties and enforced public opinion, especially in Igbo society.
• Others: religious or ritual institutions, secret societies, and public opinion.

Solution:

• A. British Officials: The British arrived through colonial conquest and indirect rule in the late 19th to early 20th century. They did not exist in the pre-colonial era, so they could not have been a check on chiefs at that time. ✔ (the exception)
• B. Kingmakers: A traditional check, so not the answer.
• C. Council of Elders: A traditional check, so not the answer.
• D. Age grades: A traditional check, so not the answer.

Answer: The correct option is A. British Officials.

Exam tip: In "except" questions, look for the option that does not belong to the time period or the system being discussed. Here, "British" signals the colonial era, while the question is about the pre-colonial era. Remember: pre-colonial checks were indigenous institutions, while British officials belong to the colonial period.