Citizens can seek redress against injustice from the state through the?

Analyze the question: The question asks which institution or office lets ordinary citizens complain about injustice, such as maladministration, abuse of power, or unfair treatment by government agencies, and seek redress (a remedy).

Explain the concept: An ombudsman is an independent official appointed to investigate citizens' complaints against public officials and government bodies. In Nigeria, this role is performed by the Public Complaints Commission (PCC), established in 1975. The ombudsman:

• Receives complaints from citizens
• Investigates allegations of injustice, abuse of power, delay, or corruption in public service
• Recommends remedies, but does not itself enforce them in court

Check each option:

• A. Ombudsman: Correct. It exists to protect citizens against injustice and maladministration by the state.
• B. Head of civil service: Wrong. This is the administrative head of the civil servants. The post manages the civil service and advises government, and it is not a complaints channel for citizens.
• C. Civil Service Commission: Wrong. It handles the appointment, promotion, and discipline of civil servants. Its concern is staff matters, not public grievances.
• D. Titular executive: Wrong. This is a ceremonial head of state (like the Queen or a ceremonial president) who has little real power and does not handle citizens' complaints.

Answer: The correct option is A. ombudsman.

Tip: Link the keywords. "Citizens' complaints / redress against injustice" points to Ombudsman = Public Complaints Commission. When you see "complaints" in a Government question, think ombudsman first.