One of the measures introduced by indirect rule was

Step 1: Analyze the question It asks for a measure that was introduced by indirect rule, the British colonial system, associated with Lord Lugard in Northern Nigeria, that governed through existing traditional rulers.

Step 2: Concept Under indirect rule:

• Traditional rulers (emirs, obas, chiefs) were used as agents of local administration.
• Traditional institutions were kept and used, not abolished.
• Chiefs collected taxes, but a share went to the colonial government and to the Native Treasury. They did not keep it all.
• The educated elite (lawyers, clerks, teachers, and similar) were generally sidelined, because the British saw them as unrepresentative "detribalized" people who challenged the chiefs' authority.

Step 3: Evaluate the options

• A. Collection and keeping of taxes by the chiefs only: Wrong. Chiefs collected taxes, but they did not keep them all. Taxes were shared with the Native Treasury and the colonial government, and the word "only" makes this false.
• B. Not recognizing traditional institutions: Wrong. This is the opposite of indirect rule, which relied on those institutions.
• C. Fixing and collection of taxes by British officials themselves: Wrong. That would be direct rule. In the North, British officers did the assessment at first, but the collection was done through the emirs and chiefs.
• D. Exclusion of the educated elite from the colonial administration: Correct. Indirect rule marginalized the Western-educated elite and kept them out of the local administrative system, which later fuelled nationalist agitation.

Tip: For indirect rule questions, remember the pattern: chiefs in, educated elite out, traditional institutions kept. Whenever an option says the British did everything themselves or abolished traditional rulers, it describes direct rule or assimilation, not indirect rule.