2023 WAEC (WASSCE) Civic Education Past Questions and Answers
The 2023 WAEC (WASSCE) Civic Education past questions with answers: 49 objective questions from the 2023 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.
Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.
Questions
- 1.
Which of the following values will likely, cause harm to the society?
- A.Fair play
- B.Indiscipline
- C.Tolerance
- D.Politeness
Show answer
Answer: B. Indiscipline
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- 2.
The beam of yellow colour on a traffic light is an indication to drivers to
- A.get ready to move
- B.watch out for cars
- C.stop
- D.move
Show answer
Answer: A. get ready to move
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks what the yellow (amber) light means to drivers at a traffic light.
Explain the concept: Traffic lights regulate the movement of vehicles and keep roads safe. Each colour has a specific meaning:
- Red: Stop
- Green: Go / move
- Yellow (amber): Get ready. The signal is about to change, so drivers should prepare to move or prepare to stop.
In the standard sequence, red is followed by yellow and then green. The yellow light that appears with or just after red tells drivers to get ready to move. When yellow appears after green, it warns that red is coming.
Step-by-step solution:
- Option C (stop) matches the red light, so it is wrong.
- Option D (move) matches the green light, so it is wrong.
- Option B (watch out for cars) is not the meaning of any signal colour. It is a general safety habit, not the purpose of the yellow light.
- Option A (get ready to move) matches the meaning of the yellow light as a "get ready" signal.
Answer: A. get ready to move
Tip: Remember it as Red = Stop, Yellow = Get Ready, Green = Go. In WASSCE and NECO Civic Education, the word "ready" is the key link to yellow or amber, so look for it in the options.
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- 3.
The Nigerian Tribune newspaper was established by
- A.Ahmadiu Bello
- B.Herbert Macauley
- C.Anthony Enahoro
- D.Obafemi Awolowo
Show answer
Answer: D. Obafemi Awolowo
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks who founded the Nigerian Tribune, one of Nigeria's oldest surviving newspapers.
Explain the concept: Many early Nigerian nationalists used newspapers to spread their political ideas and challenge colonial rule. Each is linked to a different leader:
- Daily Times is linked to a group of Lagos businessmen (1926). Herbert Macaulay is linked to the Lagos Daily News (1927).
- West African Pilot was founded by Nnamdi Azikiwe (1937).
- Nigerian Tribune was founded by Obafemi Awolowo (1949) in Ibadan, mainly to promote the views of the Action Group and the Western Region.
- Anthony Enahoro was a young editor, known for editing the Southern Nigeria Defender and the Daily Comet. He is also famous for moving the 1953 motion for self-government.
- Ahmadu Bello is associated with the Northern People's Congress and the Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo (a Hausa newspaper started by the Northern government's literature agency), not the Tribune.
Solution:
- The Nigerian Tribune started in Ibadan in 1949.
- It was established by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, the leader of the Action Group and first Premier of the Western Region.
- Options A, B and C are linked to other political or media activities.
Correct answer: D. Obafemi Awolowo
Exam tip: Pair each nationalist with his paper:
- Azikiwe → West African Pilot
- Macaulay → Lagos Daily News
- Awolowo → Nigerian Tribune
Remember "Awolowo = Action Group = Tribune (Ibadan)."
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- 4.
When power is concentrated in one central government, the constitution is said to be
- A.republican
- B.semi-federal
- C.unitary
- D.federal
Show answer
Answer: C. unitary
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- 5.
Authority that is recognised by the law of the land is called
- A.constituted authority
- B.charismatic authority
- C.consultative authority
- D.religious authority
Show answer
Answer: A. constituted authority
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the type of authority that is recognised by the law of the land. The key phrase is "recognised by the law," so we are looking for authority that comes from a legal or constitutional source.
Step 2: Explain the concept Authority is the right or power to make decisions and to be obeyed. It comes in different forms:
- Constituted authority: Power given by the constitution or law of the country. Examples are the President, Governors, the National Assembly, the Judiciary, the Police, and Local Government Chairmen. They are legally recognised, and people are bound to obey them.
- Charismatic authority: Power that comes from a leader's personal charm, magnetism, or inspiring personality. It does not depend on law. An example is a popular activist or a national hero who attracts followers.
- Consultative authority: This is not a standard type of authority. It describes a style of leadership in which people are consulted before decisions are made.
- Religious authority: Power that comes from religious beliefs and positions, such as a pastor, imam, or religious leader. It is recognised by followers of the faith, not necessarily by the law.
Step 3: Apply to the options
- A. Constituted authority is established and recognised by the law, so it fits.
- B. Charismatic authority is based on personality, not law.
- C. Consultative authority is a style of leadership, not a legal source of authority.
- D. Religious authority is based on faith, not law.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is A. constituted authority, because it is the authority created and recognised by the constitution and laws of the land.
Exam tip: Match the keyword to the answer. "Constituted" sounds like "constitution," and the question says "law of the land," so think constitution and law. Charismatic means charm, and religious means faith.
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- 6.
Civil societies act mainly as a link between
- A.individuals of divergent interests
- B.different opposing communities
- C.government and international bodies
- D.government and the populace
Show answer
Answer: D. government and the populace
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what civil societies mainly link together. Think of who they connect.
Step 2: Explain the concept Civil society refers to non-governmental, non-profit groups that operate between the state and the individual citizen. Examples in Nigeria include the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), market women's associations, and religious and community-based organizations.
Their main roles are to:
- Represent the interests and concerns of ordinary people
- Hold government accountable and check abuse of power
- Educate citizens about their rights and duties
- Carry the people's views to government, and explain government policies to the people
This makes them a bridge between the government and the people.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Individuals of divergent interests: Civil societies may bring people together, but this is not their main function.
- B. Different opposing communities: Peace-building can be one activity, but it is not their main role.
- C. Government and international bodies: This is the work of diplomacy and foreign affairs ministries, not of civil societies.
- D. Government and the populace: This matches their core role as intermediaries between the rulers and the ruled.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. government and the populace.
Exam tip: When you see "civil society" and "link" or "bridge", think government ↔ people. Civil societies are the voice of the people and the watchdog of government.
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- 7.
To enhance national development, parenthood which is the nucleus of every society must be
- A.regulated by religious clerics
- B.relaxed in their responsibilities
- C.a civil and morally responsible one
- D.supported by leader in government
Show answer
Answer: C. a civil and morally responsible one
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- 8.
Combating human trafficking requires the efforts of
- A.government, educational bodies, religious organisations excluding civil services
- B.international bodie, pressure groups and other non-governmental agencies only
- C.individuals, government, non-governmental agencies including international bodies
- D.government and non-governmental agencies excluding the students
Show answer
Answer: C. individuals, government, non-governmental agencies including international bodies
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks who must take part in fighting human trafficking. The key phrase is "requires the efforts of", which points to a broad, collective responsibility.
Step 2: Understand the concept Human trafficking is the illegal recruitment, transport, or exploitation of people, often through force, deception, or false job promises. It is a crime that crosses state and national borders, so no single group can stop it alone. In Nigeria, the fight involves:
- Government: laws and enforcement, such as NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons), the police, immigration, and customs.
- NGOs and religious or community groups: awareness campaigns, rescue, and rehabilitation of victims.
- International bodies: such as INTERPOL, the UN, and the IOM, which help with cross-border cooperation.
- Individuals: parents, students, and community members who report suspicious activity and refuse to take part in or support trafficking.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. It excludes the civil services, but civil servants (immigration, social welfare and others) are part of the effort. Wrong.
- B. "Only" international bodies and NGOs leaves out government and individuals. Wrong.
- C. It includes individuals, government, NGOs, and international bodies, which covers every level of the fight. Correct.
- D. It excludes students, who are members of society and can help through awareness and reporting. Wrong.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C.
Exam tip: In Civic Education, options with words like "only" or "excluding" are usually wrong when the question is about a social problem. Problems like trafficking, corruption, or drug abuse need everyone's involvement, so the most inclusive option is usually correct.
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- 9.
A social affiliation between two or more people in the society is known as
- A.interpersonal relations
- B.intercommunal relations
- C.inter-ethnic relations
- D.inter societal relations
Show answer
Answer: A. interpersonal relations
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term that describes a social affiliation (a bond or association) between two or more people in society. The key idea is people, meaning individuals, not whole communities, ethnic groups, or societies.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Civic Education, interpersonal relations are the social associations, connections, or bonds between two or more individuals. They include friendships, family ties, relationships between classmates, neighbours, and colleagues. They are built on communication, trust, respect, and cooperation.
Step 3: Examine each option
- A. Interpersonal relations: "Inter" means between and "personal" refers to persons, so this means relationships between individuals. This fits the definition.
- B. Intercommunal relations: relationships between communities (groups), not between individuals.
- C. Inter-ethnic relations: relationships between different ethnic groups, such as Yoruba and Igbo. It is too specific and concerns groups.
- D. Inter-societal relations: relationships between whole societies or nations.
Step 4: Answer The definition matches interpersonal relations, which is option A.
Exam tip: Break the word into parts. "Inter" means between, and the second part tells you who is involved: person means individuals, communal means communities, ethnic means ethnic groups, and societal means societies. When a question says "two or more people," go for the person option.
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- 10.
One of the political responsibilities of a citizen is
- A.engaging in cultural debates
- B.joining town hall meetings
- C.exercising the right of franchise
- D.participation in social gatherings
Show answer
Answer: C. exercising the right of franchise
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a political responsibility of a citizen. The key word is "political", which relates to government, elections, and how leaders are chosen.
Step 2: Explain the concept Citizens have different kinds of responsibilities:
- Social: helping neighbours, attending community events
- Cultural: preserving traditions and languages
- Political: voting, obeying laws, paying taxes, and taking part in governance
The most basic political responsibility is voting, which is also called the right of franchise (suffrage). It is how citizens choose their leaders and hold government accountable.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Engaging in cultural debates: This is cultural, not political.
- B. Joining town hall meetings: These can be civic or community activities. They are not the standard political responsibility, and they are not compulsory in the way voting is.
- C. Exercising the right of franchise: This means voting in elections, which is a core political duty.
- D. Participation in social gatherings: This is social, not political.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. exercising the right of franchise.
Tip: In Civic Education, whenever you see "political" in a question, think of voting, elections, political parties, and holding public office. "Franchise" always means the right to vote.
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- 11.
Standards, rule and criteria that determine acceptable norms that influence a cordial relationship in the society are referred to as
- A.regulations
- B.attitudes
- C.conventions
- D.values
Show answer
Answer: D. values
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question
The question asks for the term describing "standards, rules and criteria that determine acceptable norms" and that help keep relationships in society cordial (friendly and peaceful).
Step 2: Explain the concept
In Civic Education, values are the standards, principles, or beliefs that a society holds as important and desirable. They guide how people behave and decide what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. Examples in Nigeria include honesty, respect for elders, hard work, tolerance, and integrity. Values shape norms, and norms in turn promote peaceful, cordial living.
Let's compare the other options:
- A. Regulations: These are formal rules made by an authority, such as a government agency. They are written and enforceable, but they are not the broad societal standards that shape norms.
- B. Attitudes: These are individual feelings or ways of thinking toward people or things. They are personal, not societal standards.
- C. Conventions: These are customary practices or agreed ways of doing things, such as greeting styles or formal etiquette. They are more specific than values and follow from them.
- D. Values: These are the underlying standards and criteria that determine what a society accepts as normal and good, and that support harmony.
Step 3: Identify the answer
The phrase "standards... and criteria that determine acceptable norms" matches the definition of values.
Tip: Think of the chain Values → Norms → Behaviour. Values are the foundation (what society believes is good), and norms are the behaviours expected because of those values. When a question mentions "standards" or "criteria" for what is acceptable, think values.
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- 12.
Execution and implementation of government policies are parts of the functions of the
- A.public service
- B.civil society
- C.military
- D.legislature
Show answer
Answer: A. public service
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which body is responsible for executing and implementing government policies. The key words are "execution" and "implementation."
Step 2: Explain the concept Government has three arms, each with its own role:
- Legislature makes laws (law-making).
- Executive carries out and enforces laws and policies.
- Judiciary interprets laws and settles disputes.
The public service (the civil service and other government agencies and ministries) is the administrative machinery of the executive arm. Politicians such as the President or Governors decide on policies, but it is the public servants (permanent secretaries, directors, officers in ministries and parastatals) who carry those policies out day to day.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Public service: Correct. It executes and implements government policies, and also advises government on policy and delivers services to citizens.
- B. Civil society: Incorrect. This covers NGOs, professional bodies, and community groups. They monitor government and advocate, but they do not implement government policy.
- C. Military: Incorrect. Its role is defending the nation's territory and sovereignty, plus assisting in internal security when called upon.
- D. Legislature: Incorrect. It makes laws and oversees the executive, but it does not implement them.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. public service.
Tip: Link the words to the arms of government:
- Make → Legislature
- Execute/Implement → Executive, through the public service
- Interpret → Judiciary
Whenever you see "execute" or "implement," think public service or civil service.
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- 13.
Which of the following is important for sustainable human relation in a society?
- A.Cultural affinity
- B.Tolerance
- C.Rehabilitation
- D.Birth registration
Show answer
Answer: B. Tolerance
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what is important for sustainable human relation in a society. In other words, what keeps people living together peacefully over the long term?
Step 2: Explain the concept Human relations are the interactions between individuals and groups in a society. In a country like Nigeria, with over 250 ethnic groups, many religions and different political views, people will always have differences. For relationships to last (be sustainable), people must accept and respect those differences. This is called tolerance.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Cultural affinity: This means closeness or similarity in culture. It can help people bond, but it is not necessary for peaceful coexistence. Societies with different cultures can still live peacefully. It also tends to favour only people of the same culture.
- B. Tolerance: This is the willingness to accept views, beliefs and behaviours that differ from your own. It reduces conflict, promotes understanding and allows people of different backgrounds to live together in harmony. This is the key value for lasting relationships.
- C. Rehabilitation: This is restoring people, such as offenders or addicts, to normal life. It is a corrective measure, not a basis for everyday human relations.
- D. Birth registration: This is a civic duty and a legal means of identification. It has nothing to do with how people relate to each other.
Step 4: Answer Tolerance is the value that makes it possible for people of different backgrounds to coexist peacefully and sustainably, so the correct option is B.
Exam tip: In Civic Education, when a question asks about peace, unity or harmony in society, look for values such as tolerance, respect, cooperation, honesty and mutual understanding. Options that describe legal or administrative processes (like birth registration) are usually distractors.
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- 14.
Positive interpersonal relationship mainly promotes
- A.existence of healthy rivalry
- B.acquisition of business ideas
- C.competition with one another
- D.peaceful co-existence
Show answer
Answer: D. peaceful co-existence
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what positive interpersonal relationships mainly promote. Interpersonal relationships are the connections between people, such as friends, family members, classmates, and neighbours. "Positive" means these relationships are built on respect, trust, understanding, and cooperation.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Civic Education, good relationships among people lead to:
- Mutual respect and tolerance
- Cooperation and teamwork
- Reduced conflict and quarrels
- Unity and harmony in the family, school, community, and nation
The main outcome of all of these is peace and harmony among people.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Existence of healthy rivalry: Rivalry can be a by-product of relationships, but it is not their main purpose or result.
- B. Acquisition of business ideas: This may happen sometimes, but it is a minor, occasional benefit and not the main one.
- C. Competition with one another: Competition is not what positive relationships mainly promote. It is the opposite of cooperation.
- D. Peaceful co-existence: Respect, tolerance, and cooperation lead directly to people living together peacefully. This is the main benefit.
Step 4: Answer peaceful co-existence**.
Exam tip: In Civic Education, when you see words like "positive," "good," or "healthy" relationships, look for answers like peace, unity, harmony, cooperation, or national development. Options about competition or rivalry are usually distractors.
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- 15.
A person born in Ghana by Nigerian parents and resides in Ghana is a citizen of
- A.Nigerian by registration
- B.Ghana by birth
- C.Ghana by naturalization
- D.Nigeria by birth
Show answer
Answer: D. Nigeria by birth
AI explanation
Analyze the question: A child is born in Ghana to Nigerian parents and lives in Ghana. We need to know which country the person is a citizen of, and by what mode.
Concept: Modes of acquiring citizenship
- By birth: Citizenship acquired either by being born in a country (jus soli) or by descent from parents who are citizens (jus sanguinis). Under Nigeria's 1999 Constitution (Section 25), a person born outside Nigeria is a citizen by birth if either of their parents or grandparents is a Nigerian citizen.
- By registration: For people who marry Nigerians or have a Nigerian connection but were not born citizens.
- By naturalization: For foreigners who meet residency and character requirements over a period of years.
Solution:
- The parents are Nigerians, so the child gets Nigerian citizenship through descent. Place of birth does not matter here.
- Descent is a form of citizenship by birth, so the child is a Nigerian citizen by birth.
- Option B (Ghana by birth) is wrong because Ghana does not automatically give citizenship to children of foreign parents just because they were born there.
- Options A and C are wrong because the person does not need to register or be naturalized. Nigerian citizenship is already theirs from birth.
Answer: D. Nigeria by birth
Tip: In citizenship questions, look at the parents' nationality first. If the parents are citizens, the child is a citizen by birth (by descent), wherever the child was born. Registration and naturalization apply only to people who were not citizens at birth.
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- 16.
The machinery through which the will of the state is driven is described as
- A.custom and tradition
- B.administration
- C.government
- D.rule of law
Show answer
Answer: C. government
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the "machinery" (the instrument or apparatus) through which the "will of the state" is carried out or put into action.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Civic Education and Government, the state is an abstract entity made up of people, territory, sovereignty, and a government. A state cannot act by itself. It needs an agency to make laws, enforce them, and interpret them. That agency is the government.
Standard definition: Government is the machinery or agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Custom and tradition: These are accepted practices and social norms handed down over time. They are not an organ that carries out the state's will.
- B. Administration: This is only the part of government that implements policies (the executive and civil service). It is too narrow, since the full machinery also includes the legislature and the judiciary.
- C. Government: Correct. It is the whole apparatus (legislature, executive, judiciary) that formulates, expresses, and executes the will of the state.
- D. Rule of law: This is a principle that says everyone is subject to the law. It is not a machinery.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. government.
Exam tip: Remember the pairing: State = the abstract entity; Government = its agent or machinery. When you see "machinery," "agency," or "instrument" of the state, think government.
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- 17.
Local government administration promotes
- A.consensus building in governance
- B.democracy at the gross roots
- C.responsive government
- D.responsible government
Show answer
Answer: B. democracy at the gross roots
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- 18.
The traffic sign indicated in Figure 1 means
- A.no crossing
- B.no waiting
- C.no stopping
- D.no overtaking
Show answer
Answer: D. no overtaking
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- 19.
Activities of secret cults are not likely to be prominent in
- A.market squares
- B.religious gatherings
- C.motor parks
- D.educational campuses
Show answer
Answer: B. religious gatherings
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We are asked where secret cult activities are least likely to be prominent. Note the word "not", so we are looking for the odd one out.
Concept: Secret cults in Nigeria are groups that operate in secrecy, use oaths and intimidation, and often engage in violence, extortion, and initiation rituals. They thrive where:
- there are many young people who can be recruited,
- crowds let members blend in,
- there is weak supervision or easy access to illegal activity.
Going through the options:
- A. Market squares: These are crowded, and cult members often extort traders or fight over control of areas. Cult activity is likely here.
- B. Religious gatherings: These are places of worship, discipline, and moral teaching, and they are open and public rather than secret. Cult activity is the least likely to be prominent here, since religious values oppose violence and secrecy.
- C. Motor parks: Touts and cultists are often associated with motor parks, where they collect illegal levies and fight for control. Cult activity is likely here.
- D. Educational campuses: Secondary schools and universities are well-known recruitment grounds for cults such as Black Axe, Supreme Eiye Confraternity, and Buccaneers. Cult activity is likely here.
Answer: Religious gatherings are the place where secret cult activities are least likely to be prominent, so the answer is B.
Exam tip: For "not likely" or "except" questions, first identify the places or things that clearly fit, then choose the one that doesn't. Cults are linked to crowded, loosely controlled spaces (markets, motor parks) and youth-heavy places (campuses), while religious gatherings stand for moral order.
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- 20.
Traffic regulations are law that mainly
- A.guide all road users on safety practices
- B.instruct drivers on the use of traffic signs only
- C.ensure the teaching of road safety in school
- D.establish agencies for control of traffic
Show answer
Answer: A. guide all road users on safety practices
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what traffic regulations mainly do. The key word is "mainly", so we want the broadest and most accurate purpose.
Step 2: Explain the concept Traffic regulations are rules made by government to control how people use the roads. They apply to everyone who uses the road: drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists, passengers and pedestrians. Their main purpose is to promote orderly movement, prevent accidents and protect lives and property. In Nigeria, the Highway Code and the work of the FRSC (Federal Road Safety Corps) are good examples.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Guide all road users on safety practices. This is correct. The regulations cover speed limits, seat belt use, helmet use, right of way and pedestrian crossing, and they apply to all road users with safety as the aim.
- B. Instruct drivers on the use of traffic signs only. This is too narrow. The regulations are not limited to drivers or to traffic signs, and the word "only" makes it wrong.
- C. Ensure the teaching of road safety in school. Schools may teach road safety, but this is not the main purpose of traffic regulations.
- D. Establish agencies for control of traffic. Agencies like the FRSC are created by Acts (for example, the FRSC Establishment Act). The regulations themselves are rules for behaviour on the road, not the means of creating agencies.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A: traffic regulations mainly guide all road users on safety practices.
Exam tip: Be wary of options containing absolute words like "only" or "all" used narrowly. Option B's "only" makes it too restrictive. Also, for Civic Education questions on rules and laws, ask yourself: Who does it apply to, and what is its purpose? Here, the answer is everyone using the road, for safety.
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- 21.
Legislative arm of government can check the executive by
- A.demanding the review of any act of the executive
- B.withholding the salaries of ministers
- C.reporting them to the supreme court
- D.delaying the posting of ambassadors
Show answer
Answer: A. demanding the review of any act of the executive
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- 22.
Political apathy can be addressed by
- A.boycotting election campaigns and rallies
- B.selling of votes to the highest bidders
- C.public enlightenment and campaigns
- D.criticizing the policies of elected officials
Show answer
Answer: C. public enlightenment and campaigns
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how political apathy can be addressed. Political apathy is the lack of interest or willingness to participate in political activities such as voting, attending rallies, joining political parties, or discussing public affairs.
Step 2: Explain the concept Since apathy is a lack of interest and participation, the solution must be something that increases awareness, interest, and involvement. Citizens often become apathetic because they:
- do not understand the importance of their participation
- believe their votes do not count
- have lost trust in the political process
The best remedy is therefore to educate and motivate citizens.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Boycotting election campaigns and rallies: This is apathy. It worsens the problem instead of solving it.
- B. Selling of votes to the highest bidders: This is electoral malpractice. It corrupts democracy and does not encourage genuine participation.
- C. Public enlightenment and campaigns: This educates citizens about their rights and duties, and encourages them to vote and take part in governance. It directly tackles the causes of apathy.
- D. Criticizing the policies of elected officials: Constructive criticism is a form of political participation, but it does not by itself address apathy among people who are disinterested. It is not the most direct remedy.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **C.
Exam tip: In Civic Education, when asked how to solve a social or political problem (apathy, corruption, voter fraud), look for the option that involves education, awareness, or orientation. Options that describe the problem itself (like boycotting or vote-selling) are usually distractors.
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- 23.
The executive, legislative and judiciary constitute the
- A.arms of government
- B.tiers of government
- C.forms of government
- D.systems of government
Show answer
Answer: A. arms of government
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- 24.
Under the Nigeria 1999 constitution as amended, the right to secede is
- A.given to the federal government
- B.allowed to any state in the federation
- C.resident in local government in federation
- D.denied to all states in the federation
Show answer
Answer: D. denied to all states in the federation
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- 25.
Human trafficking can be described as
- A.exploitation of humans in ways their rights are deprived in the course of movement
- B.exploration and adventuries in foreign countries
- C.recruitment of youths as casual workers in distant places
- D.desperate desire by youths to travel abroad for greener pasture
Show answer
Answer: A. exploitation of humans in ways their rights are deprived in the course of movement
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the best description of human trafficking, so we need the definition that captures what it really is.
Step 2: Explain the concept Human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by means of force, deception, coercion, or abuse of power, for the purpose of exploitation. The key elements are:
- Movement of the victim (within or across borders)
- Exploitation (forced labour, sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, organ removal, etc.)
- Loss of rights and freedom for the victim
In Nigeria, the agency that fights this crime is NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons).
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Exploitation of humans in ways their rights are deprived in the course of movement: This matches the definition. It includes exploitation, denial of rights, and movement.
- B. Exploration and adventures in foreign countries: This is just travel or tourism. It involves no exploitation, so it is wrong.
- C. Recruitment of youths as casual workers in distant places: This can be legitimate employment. It lacks the elements of force, deception, and exploitation, so it is wrong.
- D. Desperate desire by youths to travel abroad for greener pasture: This describes a cause (a push factor) that makes people vulnerable, not the crime itself, so it is wrong.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A.
Exam tip: When you see a definition question, look for the option that contains the core elements of the term. For trafficking, remember "Movement + Exploitation + Loss of rights." Options that describe only travel, jobs, or desires are distractors.
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- 26.
The major aim of youth empowerment programmes it to
- A.tackle the problem of insecurity and lawlessnes
- B.provide vocational skills to the youths
- C.help the youths become good decision makers
- D.provide attitudinal reorientation to the youths
Show answer
Answer: B. provide vocational skills to the youths
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the major aim of youth empowerment programmes. This means the main purpose, not a side benefit.
Step 2: Explain the concept Youth empowerment means giving young people the skills, resources, and opportunities they need to become self-reliant and productive. In Nigeria, programmes like N-Power, YouWIN, SURE-P, and the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) skills training schemes are built around this idea. They train youths in areas like agriculture, ICT, tailoring, welding, and catering so that they can earn a living, create jobs, and contribute to national development.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Tackle insecurity and lawlessness: This is a possible outcome when youths are gainfully engaged, but it is not the main aim.
- B. Provide vocational skills to the youths: This is the core activity and purpose of most empowerment programmes. Skills lead to employment and self-reliance.
- C. Help youths become good decision makers: This is a general life-skills benefit, not the central goal.
- D. Provide attitudinal reorientation: This is the focus of programmes like national orientation or value reorientation campaigns, not empowerment programmes.
Step 4: Identify the answer Empowerment is practical and economic. It equips youths with skills to become self-reliant, so the best answer is B.
Tip: In Civic Education, when you see "empowerment", think skills + self-reliance + employment. Options about "attitude" or "orientation" usually point to a different topic, such as national values or the National Orientation Agency (NOA).
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- 27.
The Nigerian federation is divided into how may geopolitical zones?
- A.36
- B.774
- C.6
- D.4
Show answer
Answer: C. 6
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks how many geopolitical zones Nigeria is divided into. Note that this is different from the number of states or local governments.
Explain the concept: Nigeria is grouped into geopolitical zones for administrative, political, and resource-sharing purposes. These zones group states that share similar cultural, ethnic, and historical ties. They are not tiers of government. They are used for things like appointments, federal character balancing, and development commissions.
The six geopolitical zones:
- North-Central (e.g., Benue, Kwara, Plateau, Niger, Kogi, Nasarawa, and the FCT)
- North-East (e.g., Borno, Adamawa, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba, Yobe)
- North-West (e.g., Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, Sokoto, Kebbi, Zamfara, Jigawa)
- South-East (e.g., Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo)
- South-South (e.g., Rivers, Delta, Bayelsa, Edo, Akwa Ibom, Cross River)
- South-West (e.g., Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ondo, Ekiti)
Checking the options:
- A. 36 is the number of states, not zones.
- B. 774 is the number of local government areas.
- C. 6 is the number of geopolitical zones. ✔
- D. 4 is incorrect. Nigeria had four regions (North, West, East, Mid-West) in the First Republic, which is a common distractor.
Answer: The correct option is **C.
Exam tip: Remember the numbers with the phrase "36-774-6": 36 states, 774 LGAs, 6 zones. Also, 3 northern zones plus 3 southern zones make 6. That is easy to recall under exam pressure.
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- 28.
One significance of democracy in Nigeria is that it promotes
- A.sectionalism
- B.constitutionalism
- C.secularism
- D.regionalism
Show answer
Answer: B. constitutionalism
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- 29.
The search of a citizen's residence by the police without a warrant or court order amounts to a breach of his/her right to
- A.freedom of expression
- B.freedom of conscience
- C.life
- D.privacy
Show answer
Answer: D. privacy
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question describes the police searching a citizen's home without a warrant or court order. We need to identify which fundamental human right this violates.
Step 2: Explain the concept Under Section 37 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, "the privacy of citizens, their homes, correspondence, telephone conversations and telegraphic communications is hereby guaranteed and protected." This means that the police or any other authority cannot enter and search a person's home arbitrarily. They must usually have a search warrant issued by a court, except in specific lawful situations.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Freedom of expression: This concerns the right to hold opinions and to share ideas and information (speech, press). A house search does not relate to this.
- B. Freedom of conscience: This concerns thought, religion, and belief. It is not affected by a home search.
- C. Life: This is the right not to be killed arbitrarily. A search does not threaten life.
- D. Privacy: This protects the home, correspondence, and personal communications from unlawful intrusion. An unauthorized search of a residence is a direct violation.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. privacy.
Exam tip: Link keywords to rights. "Home," "letters," "phone calls," or "search without warrant" point to the right to privacy (Section 37). "Detention without trial" points to personal liberty, and "Killing" points to the right to life.
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- 30.
Right to ownership of property falls under the category of
- A.social right
- B.politcal right
- C.civil right
- D.economic right
Show answer
Answer: D. economic right
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which category of rights includes the right to own property.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Civic Education, rights are grouped into categories:
- Social rights: rights that support people's welfare in society, such as education, healthcare, and housing.
- Political rights: rights to take part in governance, such as voting, being voted for, and joining political parties.
- Civil rights: rights that protect the individual's freedom and personal security, such as life, liberty, fair hearing, freedom of speech, movement, and religion.
- Economic rights: rights connected to earning a living and holding wealth, such as the right to work, to own property, to choose a trade, and to fair wages.
Step 3: Work through the options
- A. Social right: this is about welfare services, not ownership of property.
- B. Political right: this is about participation in government.
- C. Civil right: this is a plausible distractor. In the Nigerian Constitution, the right to own immovable property (Section 43 and Section 44) appears among the fundamental rights, and some textbooks list property ownership as a civil right. But in the standard WASSCE classification, property ownership is treated as an economic right.
- D. Economic right: owning property, owning a business, and earning and keeping income all fall here.
Step 4: Answer
Tip: Link the keyword with the category:
- Vote, contest → political
- Life, liberty, fair hearing → civil
- Work, own property, business → economic
- Education, health, housing → social
If you see "property," "work," or "trade," think economic.
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- 31.
When voters exercise their right to vote based on monetary or material inducements, the elected candidates may suffer
- A.loss of voters support in the next election
- B.eroded legitimacy during elected term
- C.erosion of dividends of democracy
- D.loss of party support for anothet term
Show answer
Answer: B. eroded legitimacy during elected term
AI explanation
Analyze the question
The question asks about the consequence for elected candidates when voters sell their votes for money or materials (vote buying). The key phrase is "the elected candidates may suffer", so we want the effect on the candidate, and during or because of the election itself.
Concept
Legitimacy is the moral and legal right of a government or leader to rule, based on the free and fair consent of the people. When votes are bought, the result does not reflect the true will of the electorate. The winner may be seen as illegitimate, even if officially declared the winner. This can lead to:
- public distrust and lack of respect for the officeholder
- legal challenges at election tribunals
- weak moral authority to govern
Evaluating the options
- A. Loss of voters' support in the next election. This is speculative. Voters who accepted inducements may well support the candidate again if paid again. It is not a direct, certain consequence.
- B. Eroded legitimacy during elected term. This is the direct consequence. A mandate obtained through inducement lacks credibility and public acceptance throughout the term.
- C. Erosion of dividends of democracy. This is a consequence for the citizens (poor governance, lack of development), not mainly a suffering of the candidate.
- D. Loss of party support for another term. This has no direct link to vote buying. Parties often favor candidates who win by any means.
Answer
Exam tip
Link "legitimacy" with "free, fair, and credible elections". If a question mentions vote buying, rigging, or intimidation and asks about the winner, think of legitimacy. If it asks about the citizens or society, think of poor governance and loss of democratic dividends.
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- 32.
The payment of residential utility bills is a duty of the
- A.local government
- B.federal government
- C.citizens
- D.state government
Show answer
Answer: C. citizens
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks who is responsible for paying residential utility bills. These are the bills for services used in a home, such as electricity (e.g., PHCN/DisCo bills), water, and waste disposal.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Civic Education, a citizen has both rights and duties (obligations). Some common duties of citizens are:
- Paying taxes and levies
- Obeying the law
- Voting in elections
- Protecting public property
- Paying for services they use, such as electricity, water, and telephone
Governments provide the infrastructure and services. The people who consume them in their homes are responsible for paying for that consumption.
Step 3: Work through the options
- A. Local government: It provides services like markets, roads and sanitation, but it does not pay the utility bills of private homes.
- B. Federal government: It pays for its own offices and facilities, not for citizens' houses.
- C. Citizens: They live in and use the residences, so they consume the electricity and water. Paying for what they use is their civic duty.
- D. State government: It pays for state-owned facilities, not private household bills.
Step 4: Answer The payment of residential utility bills is a duty of the citizens, which is option C.
Tip: When you see "residential" or "household" in a Civic Education question about bills, think of the citizen. Duties such as paying taxes, paying bills, and obeying laws always point to the individual citizen. Government duties are usually about providing services, not paying for household use.
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- 33.
Carefully study the following list of civic education terms I and VII below and use them to answer the questions I. HIV/AIDS II. Law and order III. Political apathy IV. Human trafficking V. Popular participation VI. Responsible parenting VII. Fundamental human rights From the list above, the two experiences of individuals that require counselling are
- A.III and V
- B.II and III
- C.I and IV
- D.I and VII
Show answer
Answer: C. I and IV
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- 34.
Where you will likely not find the sign in Figure 1 in Nigeria is
- A.military zones
- B.presidential villa
- C.court areas
- D.shopping malls
Show answer
Answer: B. presidential villa
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- 35.
Use the write up below to answer the question Driving on the highways entails being very watchful, observant and attentive to one's surrounding, else you many run into an object or someone. Most accidents are caused by human factors. From the above statement, it is clear that accidents can be
- A.discouraged
- B.prevented
- C.managed
- D.eliminated
Show answer
Answer: B. prevented
AI explanation
Analyze the question The passage says that driving requires being watchful, observant and attentive, otherwise you may run into an object or someone. It also says most accidents are caused by human factors. The question asks what we can conclude about accidents from this.
Explain the concept If most accidents come from human behaviour (carelessness, inattention, speeding, and so on), then changing that behaviour can stop accidents from happening in the first place. Stopping something before it happens is called prevention.
Solution
- A. Discouraged: This means making people less willing to do something. It does not fit accidents, which nobody does on purpose.
- B. Prevented: This fits. Being watchful and attentive, which are human actions, stops accidents before they occur. The passage directly implies this.
- C. Managed: This means handling the situation after an accident has happened (for example, first aid or traffic control). The passage is about avoiding accidents, not handling them afterwards.
- D. Eliminated: This means removing them completely. The passage says most accidents are caused by human factors, not all. Some come from mechanical failure, bad roads or weather, so we cannot claim they can be totally eliminated.
Answer: B. prevented
Tip: In passage-based questions, watch for absolute words like "eliminated", "all" or "never". If the passage says "most" or "may", the safer answer is usually a moderate word like "prevented" or "reduced".
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- 36.
Road signs are usually
- A.informative and persuasive
- B.punitive and informative
- C.persuasive and regulatory
- D.regulatory and informative
Show answer
Answer: D. regulatory and informative
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks about the general purpose or nature of road signs. In Civic Education (and road safety), road signs are grouped into three main types:
- Regulatory (mandatory) signs – give orders that must be obeyed, e.g. "Stop", "No Entry", "Speed Limit".
- Warning signs – alert road users to danger ahead, e.g. "Sharp Bend", "Slippery Road".
- Informative (guide) signs – give directions, distances and location details, e.g. "Lagos 50 km", "Hospital", "Parking".
Explain the concept: Road signs exist to control traffic and guide road users. They do this by telling people what they must or must not do (regulatory) and by giving useful information (informative).
Evaluate the options:
- A. Informative and persuasive: Signs do not merely persuade. Many are compulsory, so this is not the best fit.
- B. Punitive and informative: Signs do not punish. Punishment comes from law enforcement agencies like FRSC, so this is wrong.
- C. Persuasive and regulatory: Persuasion is not a main feature of road signs, so this is wrong.
- D. Regulatory and informative: This matches the main functions: they enforce rules and give information to road users. ✔
Answer: The correct option is D.
Tip: Remember the road sign trio, R-W-I (Regulatory, Warning, Informative). If an option contains "regulatory" and "informative" together, it is usually the safest choice. Also, eliminate any option with "punitive", because signs themselves don't punish; the law does.
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- 37.
The unpleasant attitudes towards people Living With HIV/AIDS is termed
- A.human right abuse
- B.stigmatization
- C.playing safe
- D.civic neglect
Show answer
Answer: B. stigmatization
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the term used to describe negative, unpleasant attitudes directed at people living with HIV/AIDS.
Step 2: Explain the concept Stigmatization (or stigma) means labelling, rejecting, or discriminating against a person because of a characteristic, such as an illness, that society views negatively. For people living with HIV/AIDS, it shows up as:
- Avoiding or isolating them
- Gossiping or name-calling
- Refusing to eat with them, shake hands, or share a space
- Denying them jobs, schooling, or services
Stigma is harmful because it discourages people from getting tested, seeking treatment, or disclosing their status, which can help the disease spread.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Human right abuse: This is a possible result of stigma (for example, unfair dismissal from work), but it is not the term for the attitude itself.
- B. Stigmatization: This is the correct term for unpleasant, discriminatory attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS.
- C. Playing safe: This means taking precautions against infection, such as abstinence or using protection. It is unrelated to attitudes.
- D. Civic neglect: This is not a standard term in this context.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. stigmatization.
Exam tip: Remember "Stigma = Shame + Shun." When a question mentions negative attitudes toward people with a disease like HIV/AIDS, leprosy, or mental illness, the answer is almost always stigma or stigmatization. Also remember that sensitization (education) is the cure for stigma.
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- 38.
Traffic regulations are mainly meant for all
- A.private drivers
- B.road users
- C.pedestrians
- D.truck drivers
Show answer
Answer: B. road users
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks who traffic regulations are "mainly meant for." The word "all" tells us the answer must be the broadest group, covering everyone who uses the road.
Step 2: Explain the concept Traffic regulations are rules made by government agencies such as the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) to:
- Ensure orderly movement on roads
- Prevent accidents
- Protect lives and property
These rules apply to everyone who uses the road: drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists, passengers and pedestrians. The general term for all these people is road users.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Private drivers: This is only one group of drivers. It is too narrow.
- B. Road users: This covers drivers (private, commercial, truck), riders, passengers and pedestrians. It fits the word "all."
- C. Pedestrians: Pedestrians are covered by the rules, but they are only one category.
- D. Truck drivers: This is also too specific.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. road users. It is the only option that includes every group affected by traffic regulations.
Exam tip: When a question uses words like "all" or "everyone," look for the general or umbrella term among the options. The specific groups (private drivers, pedestrians, truck drivers) are all included in it.
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- 39.
Carefully study the following list of civic education terms I and VII below and use them to answer the questions I. HIV/AIDS II. Law and order III. Political apathy IV. Human trafficking V. Popular participation VI. Responsible parenting VII. Fundamental human rights The major reasons some countries are termed developing resulted from
- A.III and VI
- B.II and VII
- C.V and VI
- D.IV and V
Show answer
Answer: C. V and VI
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- 40.
Carefully study the following list of civic education terms I and VII below and use them to answer the questions I. HIV/AIDS II. Law and order III. Political apathy IV. Human trafficking V. Popular participation VI. Responsible parenting VII. Fundamental human rights The major reasons for citizens' reorientation in civic education are
- A.II and V
- B.VI and VIII
- C.III and V
- D.I and II
Show answer
Answer: B. VI and VIII
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- 41.
When opposing communities come together, to discuss a way out of a pending feud, the action is best described as
- A.arbitration
- B.dialogue
- C.co-operation
- D.peackeeping
Show answer
Answer: B. dialogue
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question describes opposing communities that meet themselves to discuss a way out of a looming conflict. The key words are "come together," "discuss," and "pending feud."
Step 2: Explain the concepts
- Arbitration: A neutral third party (an arbitrator) listens to both sides and gives a binding decision. The parties do not settle it by themselves.
- Dialogue: A conversation or discussion between the parties involved, aimed at understanding each other and reaching a peaceful solution.
- Co-operation: Working together toward a common goal. It is broader and does not specifically describe talking through a dispute.
- Peacekeeping: Deploying neutral forces (such as the UN or ECOWAS troops) to maintain peace in a conflict area. It is not a discussion between communities.
Step 3: Apply to the question The communities are not bringing in a judge (so not arbitration). No troops are involved (so not peacekeeping). They are not yet working on a shared task (so not co-operation). What they are doing is discussing the problem face to face, which is dialogue.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **B.
Exam tip: Match the keyword to the concept:
- "Discuss / talk / meet" → dialogue
- "Third party decides" → arbitration
- "Troops / monitors" → peacekeeping
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- 42.
Which of the following factors have made political apathy in Nigeria more pronounced?
- A.Long period of dictatorship and election rigging
- B.Indiscriminate registration of parties and illiteracy
- C.Poverty, ethnicity and religious fanaticism
- D.Use of card readers and complexity of voting procedure
Show answer
Answer: A. Long period of dictatorship and election rigging
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- 43.
A major attribute an individual will likely exhibit if not contented is
- A.dishonesty
- B.jealousy
- C.irresponbility
- D.greediness
Show answer
Answer: D. greediness
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which attribute a person is most likely to show when they are not contented. Contentment means being satisfied with what you have. So the opposite, discontentment, is a constant desire for more than you have.
Step 2: Explain the concept In Civic Education, contentment is a value that supports good citizenship. It keeps people honest, hardworking, and at peace with others. A person who lacks contentment is never satisfied. They always want more, no matter how much they already have.
Step 3: Examine the options
- A. Dishonesty: This can be a result of discontentment, such as cheating to get more. But it is a consequence, not the main attribute.
- B. Jealousy: This is resentment of what others have. It can accompany discontentment, but it is focused on other people's possessions.
- C. Irresponsibility: This is failing to carry out duties. It has no direct link to lack of contentment.
- D. Greediness: This is an excessive, insatiable desire for more wealth, power, or possessions. It is the most direct expression of not being contented.
Step 4: Answer Greediness is the direct opposite of contentment, so it is the major attribute. Dishonesty and jealousy may follow from it, but greed is at the root.
Exam tip: When a question asks for the "major" attribute linked to a value, look for the option that is the direct opposite of that value. Contentment is the opposite of greed. Other options are often side effects.
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- 44.
An inalienable right enjoyed by citizens of a state but denied all non - citizens is the right to
- A.fair hearing
- B.freedom of speech
- C.sue and be sued
- D.be voted for
Show answer
Answer: D. be voted for
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We need a right that only citizens enjoy. Non-citizens (foreigners/aliens) in a country are denied it.
Concept: Human rights fall into two broad groups:
- Universal rights are enjoyed by everyone within a state's territory, citizen or not. Examples are the right to life, fair hearing, freedom of expression, and freedom from torture.
- Political (citizenship) rights are reserved for citizens only. These are the right to vote, the right to be voted for (contest elections), and the right to hold public office.
Checking each option:
- A. Fair hearing: Every person, including foreigners, is entitled to a fair trial in court. It is not exclusive to citizens.
- B. Freedom of speech: Foreigners living legally in Nigeria also enjoy this, subject to the law. It is not exclusive.
- C. Sue and be sued: This is a legal capacity. Non-citizens can go to court to enforce their rights or be taken to court. It is not exclusive.
- D. Be voted for: Only citizens (who meet age and other qualifications) can contest elections. Non-citizens are denied this right. ✔
Answer: D. be voted for
Tip: When you see "enjoyed by citizens but denied non-citizens," think of political rights: voting, being voted for, and holding public office. Rights like fair hearing, life, and speech belong to everyone.
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- 45.
Legislations on issues affecting policies on money, policing and international relations are within the scope of
- A.concurrent and residual list
- B.exclusive legislative matter
- C.concurrent and exclusive list
- D.residual legislative matter
Show answer
Answer: B. exclusive legislative matter
AI explanation
Analyze the question The question asks which category of legislative powers covers money (currency, banking), policing, and international relations (foreign affairs).
Explain the concept In Nigeria's federal system, the Constitution divides legislative powers into lists:
- Exclusive Legislative List: Matters only the Federal (National Assembly) can legislate on. Examples: currency, coinage and legal tender, banking, police and other government security services, foreign affairs and treaties, defence, immigration, customs, aviation, and railways.
- Concurrent Legislative List: Matters both the Federal and State governments can legislate on. Examples: education, health, agriculture, electricity, and some aspects of revenue collection.
- Residual Matters: Powers not listed anywhere in the Constitution, which are left to the States. In Nigeria's system, this is usually things like local government details and chieftaincy matters.
Step-by-step solution
- Money (currency, banking, monetary policy) is on the Exclusive List, controlled by the Federal Government through the Central Bank.
- Policing (the Nigeria Police Force) is on the Exclusive List, which is why states do not have their own police forces.
- International relations (foreign affairs, treaties, diplomacy) is on the Exclusive List.
All three fall under the Federal Government's exclusive powers.
Checking the options
- A. Concurrent and residual list: wrong, because these are shared or state matters.
- B. Exclusive legislative matter: correct.
- C. Concurrent and exclusive list: partly right, but the concurrent list does not cover these three areas.
- D. Residual legislative matter: wrong, because residual powers belong to the states.
**Answer: B, exclusive legislative matter.
Exam tip Remember "MPF": Money, Police, Foreign affairs, plus defence and immigration, are all exclusive, meaning only the Federal Government. If a question lists national-security or national-identity matters, think "Exclusive List."
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- 46.
The right to freedom of expression can be limited by
- A.the police
- B.the legislature
- C.slander
- D.insecurity
Show answer
Answer: C. slander
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- 47.
A major achievement that can be attributed to good intercommunal relationship in Nigeria is
- A.encouraging competition among individuals in the society
- B.curtailing rural-urban migration
- C.promoting peace, mutual understanding and development
- D.promoting national cultural festivals
Show answer
Answer: C. promoting peace, mutual understanding and development
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a major achievement that results from good intercommunal relationships (good relations between communities, ethnic groups, and towns in Nigeria).
Step 2: Explain the concept Intercommunal relationship means how different communities interact: through trade, intermarriage, shared resources, joint development projects, and conflict resolution. When these relationships are good, communities live together without constant disputes, such as the farmer-herder or boundary clashes that sometimes affect parts of Nigeria.
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Encouraging competition among individuals: Competition is an individual matter and is not the main outcome of harmony between communities. Unhealthy competition can even cause rivalry.
- B. Curtailing rural-urban migration: This depends on jobs, infrastructure, and amenities, not on how communities relate to one another.
- C. Promoting peace, mutual understanding and development: This is the direct result of good relations. Communities that trust each other avoid conflict, understand each other's cultures, and can cooperate on development such as shared roads, markets, and schools.
- D. Promoting national cultural festivals: Festivals may be one expression of good relations, but they are a narrow activity, not a major achievement.
Step 4: Answer Option C is the broadest and most direct outcome of good intercommunal relationships.
Exam tip: In Civic Education, when a question asks about the result of good relationships, harmony, or cooperation, look for the option with peace, unity, understanding, and development. These are the keywords WAEC loves. Be careful with options that are too narrow, such as a single activity like festivals.
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- 48.
God-fatherism in a democratic system of government can led to
- A.loss of employment
- B.neglect of followers
- C.economic development
- D.citizen's participation
Show answer
Answer: B. neglect of followers
AI explanation
Analyze the question The question asks about the effect of god-fatherism on a democracy. God-fatherism is a situation where powerful, wealthy individuals (the "godfathers") sponsor candidates into political office, often by funding campaigns or rigging elections, and then control them after they win.
Explain the concept In this arrangement, the elected official owes loyalty to the godfather who put them in power, not to the voters. The result is that:
- Public funds and appointments are directed to satisfy the godfather's interests.
- The people who voted (the electorate or followers) are ignored.
- Good governance and accountability suffer.
Step-by-step evaluation of the options
- A. Loss of employment: This is not a direct or typical consequence of god-fatherism. Some people may lose jobs for political reasons, but this is not the main effect.
- B. Neglect of followers: A politician beholden to a godfather focuses on pleasing the godfather and neglects the electorate and the people they are meant to serve. This is a direct and well-known consequence.
- C. Economic development: God-fatherism leads to corruption and misuse of funds, so it hinders development rather than promoting it.
- D. Citizen's participation: God-fatherism manipulates elections and imposes candidates, so it reduces genuine citizen participation instead of encouraging it.
Answer The best answer is B. neglect of followers.
Tip For Civic Education questions on negative practices (god-fatherism, political thuggery, election rigging), eliminate options that sound positive, such as "economic development" and "citizen's participation". Then choose the option that describes harm to the people or to democracy.
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- 49.
Human rights abuse can be prevented with the existence of
- A.strong armed force
- B.well-equipped police force
- C.strong intergovernmental relation
- D.independence judiciary
Show answer
Answer: D. independence judiciary
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which institution or condition best prevents human rights abuse. Human rights abuses happen when people in power act unlawfully, so the safeguard we need is one that can check that power and give victims a way to get justice.
Step 2: Explain the concept An independent judiciary means the courts are free from interference by the executive (President or Governor) and the legislature. Judges can then:
- Hear cases of rights violation without fear or favour.
- Declare unlawful acts of government or officials null and void.
- Order compensation or other remedies for victims.
- Punish offenders, which discourages future abuse.
In Nigeria, Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution guarantees fundamental human rights, and Section 46 lets any person whose rights are violated apply to the High Court for redress. That only works if the courts are independent.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Strong armed force: The military protects the country from external threats. A strong armed force can even be used to violate rights, as happened under military regimes.
- B. Well-equipped police force: The police maintain law and order, but they can also abuse rights (for example, brutality or illegal detention). Equipment does not prevent abuse.
- C. Strong intergovernmental relation: This concerns cooperation between federal, state and local governments. It has no direct link to protecting individual rights.
- D. Independent judiciary: It checks abuse of power and enforces rights. This is the best answer.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is D. Note that the option reads "independence judiciary", which is a typing slip for "independent judiciary".
Tip: In Civic Education, when you see "prevent abuse of rights", think "rule of law + independent judiciary". Force-based options (army, police) are usually distractors, because force can be used to violate rights as easily as to protect them.
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