Constitutionalism emphasizes that those who govern the state should do so according to

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what constitutionalism requires of those who govern a state. It is about how power is exercised.

Step 2: Explain the concept Constitutionalism is the principle that government authority is limited by a body of established rules, usually the constitution, laws, and conventions. Its main features are:

• Rule of law, not rule by individuals
• Limited government and separation of powers
• Accountability of leaders
• Respect for citizens' rights

In short, rulers must act within the law and not arbitrarily.

Step 3: Evaluate the options

• A. Laid down rules of public behavior: Correct. This means governing according to established, known rules (the constitution and laws). It is the heart of constitutionalism.
• B. The dictates of their critics: Wrong. Government listens to criticism, but it is not ruled by its critics.
• C. The dictates of their egos: Wrong. This describes arbitrary or despotic rule, which is the opposite of constitutionalism.
• D. The direction of judges: Wrong. Judges interpret the law, but they do not direct the government's day-to-day running.
• E. Their whims and chances: Wrong. Governing by whims is arbitrary rule, which constitutionalism rejects.

Step 4: Answer The correct option is A, laid down rules of public behavior.

Exam tip: Whenever a question asks about constitutionalism, look for words like rules, law, limits, or established procedures. Eliminate options that suggest personal will, such as whims, ego, or dictates. Those describe dictatorship or arbitrary rule.