Germination is the process in which a seed

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the definition of germination, which is the very first stage of a plant's life after the seed is formed.

Step 2: Explain the concept A seed contains a tiny embryo (plumule, radicle, and cotyledon(s)) that is often in a resting state called dormancy. Germination is the process by which the seed comes out of dormancy and the embryo resumes active growth. For this to happen, the seed needs:

• Water, to soften the seed coat and activate enzymes
• Oxygen, for respiration to release energy
• Suitable temperature, for enzyme activity

(Light is needed by only some seeds. Soil nutrients are not needed at first, because the stored food in the cotyledons or endosperm feeds the embryo.)

Step 3: Evaluate each option

• A. Begins to photosynthesize: Wrong. Photosynthesis begins only after the seedling has produced green leaves, which is after germination has started.
• B. Develops into a mature plant: Wrong. This describes the whole of growth and development, not germination itself.
• C. Absorbs nutrients from the soil: Wrong. The germinating seed relies on its own food reserves. Nutrient uptake by roots comes later.
• D. Breaks dormancy and starts to grow: Correct. Water is absorbed, enzymes are activated, stored food is digested, and the radicle emerges first, followed by the plumule.

Step 4: Answer The correct option is D.

Exam tip: Remember "Germination = the Giving-up of dormancy". Whenever you see germination, think of the embryo resuming growth, with the radicle emerging first. If an option talks about photosynthesis or maturity, it is describing a later stage.