The change in the genetic make up of an organism resulting in an inheritable characteristics which is new is

1. Analyze the question The question asks for the term describing a change in an organism's genetic make-up that produces a new characteristic which can be passed on to offspring.

2. Explain the concept A mutation is a sudden, permanent change in the genetic material (DNA or chromosomes) of an organism. If it occurs in the reproductive (germ) cells, it is inherited and shows up as a new trait. Mutations can be caused by:

• Radiation (X-rays, UV light, gamma rays)
• Chemicals (e.g. mustard gas, some pesticides)
• Errors during DNA replication

Examples include sickle cell anaemia (a gene mutation) and Down syndrome (a chromosomal mutation).

3. Check each option

• A. Mutation: a change in genetic make-up giving a new, inheritable characteristic. This fits exactly.
• B. Locus: the position of a gene on a chromosome. It is not a change.
• C. Hybrid: offspring of two parents with different genetic traits. This comes from crossing, not from a change in genes.
• D. Diploid: a cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n). It describes chromosome number, not a change.

4. Answer The correct option is A. Mutation.

5. Exam tip When you see the phrases "change in genetic make-up", "sudden change" or "new inheritable characteristic", think mutation. Remember it as: Mutation = Modification of genetic material.