2020 WAEC (WASSCE) Agricultural Science Past Questions and Answers
The 2020 WAEC (WASSCE) Agricultural Science past questions with answers: 50 objective questions from the 2020 paper in the DeeepSolve question bank, each with its answer behind "Show answer". Try each question before you check, then practise the paper as a timed WAEC-style CBT.
Past questions © the examination body (JAMB/WAEC/NECO). DeeepSolve is not affiliated with them. Rights holders: see /copyright.
Questions
- 1.
When a gene is expressed in the phenotype in a homoxygous or heterogous form, that gene is said to be?
- A.segregating
- B.recessive
- C.regeneration
- D.exploitation
Show answer
Answer: D. exploitation
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- 2.
Which of the following methods of irrigation is most efficient in terms of water conservation?
- A.flood irrigation
- B.furrow irrigation
- C.border irrigation
- D.drip irrigation
Show answer
Answer: D. drip irrigation
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- 3.
An oven dried soil sample of mass 8g had a mass of 1.6g after it was completely burnt. Determine the percentage of humus in the soil sample.
- A.6.4%
- B.9.6%
- C.20%
- D.80%
Show answer
Answer: D. 80%
AI explanation
Analyze the question
An oven-dried soil sample weighs 8 g. After it is completely burnt, it weighs 1.6 g. We need the percentage of humus (organic matter) in the soil.
Concept
Humus is organic matter. When soil is burnt, the organic matter is burnt off, and only the mineral (inorganic) part remains. So:
Mass of humus = mass before burning − mass after burning
Percentage of humus = (mass lost ÷ original mass) × 100
Solution
- Mass lost (humus) = 8 g − 1.6 g = 6.4 g
- Percentage of humus = (6.4 ÷ 8) × 100 = 0.8 × 100 = 80%
Check: The remaining mineral matter is 1.6 ÷ 8 × 100 = 20%, and 80% + 20% = 100%. ✔
Answer: The humus is 80%, which is option D.
(Note that 20%, option C, is the trap. It is the percentage of mineral matter left after burning, not the humus.)
In real soils, humus is usually only a small fraction of the soil, but the question is a calculation based on the numbers given.
Exam tip: For "burnt soil" questions, always ask: "What disappeared?" The part that burns away is the organic matter or humus. The part that remains is the mineral matter. Subtract first, then divide by the original mass.
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- 4.
The fencing and partitioning of a pastureland into paddocks is meant to?
- A.suppress weeds that compete with pasture crops
- B.control grazing and ensure regeneration of pasture
- C.allow free movement of ruminants on the pasture
- D.prevent lodging of the pasture plants
Show answer
Answer: B. control grazing and ensure regeneration of pasture
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the purpose of fencing a pastureland and dividing it into smaller sections called paddocks.
Step 2: Explain the concept Dividing pasture into paddocks is the basis of rotational grazing (also called paddock grazing). Animals graze one paddock for a period while the others rest. The main benefits are:
- Grazing is controlled, so animals do not overgraze one area.
- Rested paddocks have time to regrow (regenerate).
- Pasture is used more evenly and efficiently.
- Parasite build-up is reduced, because animals move away from contaminated areas.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Suppress weeds: Weed control is done by slashing, herbicides, or proper stocking, not mainly by fencing. ✗
- B. Control grazing and ensure regeneration of pasture: This matches the purpose of paddocking exactly. ✓
- C. Allow free movement of ruminants: Fencing does the opposite, because it restricts movement. ✗
- D. Prevent lodging: Lodging is the falling over of crops, usually from wind or heavy rain. Fencing does not stop it. ✗
Step 4: Answer The correct option is B.
Exam tip: Whenever you see "paddock," think rotational grazing = controlled grazing + pasture recovery. Also remember that fencing restricts movement and does not allow free movement.
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- 5.
The following crops are fiber crops except?
- A.cotton
- B.onion
- C.jute
- D.sisal
Show answer
Answer: B. onion
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We need to find the crop that is NOT a fibre crop. A fibre crop is one grown mainly for its fibres, which are used to make cloth, ropes, sacks, mats and similar products.
Step 2: Explain the concept Fibre crops provide fibres from different plant parts:
- Cotton: fibre from the seed hairs (lint), used for textiles.
- Jute: fibre from the stem (bast), used for sacks and ropes.
- Sisal: fibre from the leaves, used for ropes, twine and mats.
- Other examples are flax, hemp, kenaf and raffia.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Cotton is a fibre crop.
- B. Onion is a bulb vegetable grown for food and flavouring, so it is not a fibre crop.
- C. Jute is a fibre crop.
- D. Sisal is a fibre crop.
Step 4: Answer Onion is the exception.
Tip: In "except" questions, find the odd one out. Three options here are industrial or fibre crops, while onion is a vegetable. Remember: cotton from the seed, jute from the stem, sisal from the leaf.
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6.This question needs a diagram, table or passage that we don't have yet, so it isn't shown.
- 7.
The following bacteria are important in the nitrogen cycle except?
- A.bacillus
- B.nitrobacter
- C.nitrosomonas
- D.rhizobium
Show answer
Answer: A. bacillus
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- 8.
The deficiency of nitrogen in a maize plant can be corrected by applying?
- A.potassium chloride
- B.muriate of potash
- C.sulphate of ammonia
- D.calcium carbonate
Show answer
Answer: C. sulphate of ammonia
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which fertilizer will correct nitrogen deficiency in maize. A nitrogen-deficient maize plant shows yellowing (chlorosis) of the older leaves, starting at the tip and moving down the midrib in a "V" shape, along with stunted growth. So we need a fertilizer that supplies nitrogen (N).
Step 2: Explain the concept Each major nutrient has its own common fertilizer sources:
- Nitrogen (N): urea, ammonium nitrate, sulphate of ammonia (ammonium sulphate), CAN
- Phosphorus (P): single superphosphate, triple superphosphate
- Potassium (K): muriate of potash (potassium chloride), sulphate of potash
- Calcium (Ca): lime (calcium carbonate), gypsum
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Potassium chloride: supplies potassium (K), not nitrogen. ✗
- B. Muriate of potash: this is another name for potassium chloride, so it also supplies potassium. ✗
- C. Sulphate of ammonia: this is ammonium sulphate, (NH₄)₂SO₄. It contains about 21% nitrogen, so it supplies nitrogen. ✓
- D. Calcium carbonate: this is lime, used to supply calcium and raise soil pH. It has no nitrogen. ✗
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. sulphate of ammonia.
Exam tip: Remember that "muriate of potash" always means potassium, because "potash" is the clue. Whenever you see ammonia, ammonium, urea or nitrate in a fertilizer name, think nitrogen. Also notice that A and B are the same compound, so neither can be the single correct answer.
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- 9.
Determine the ratio of nutrients in NPK 5-10-15.
- A.1:2:2
- B.1:2:3
- C.1:3:1
- D.2:1:3
Show answer
Answer: B. 1:2:3
AI explanation
Analyze the question
NPK 5-10-15 is a fertilizer grade. The three numbers give the percentage by weight of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P₂O₅) and Potassium (K₂O), always in that order. We are asked to simplify them into a ratio.
Concept
A fertilizer ratio is found by dividing every number by the smallest one, or by their highest common factor (HCF).
Solution
- N : P : K = 5 : 10 : 15
- The HCF of 5, 10 and 15 is 5.
- Divide each term by 5: • 5 ÷ 5 = 1 • 10 ÷ 5 = 2 • 15 ÷ 5 = 3
So the ratio is 1 : 2 : 3.
Check against the options
- A (1:2:2) is wrong because K would be 10, not 15.
- B (1:2:3) is correct.
- C (1:3:1) is wrong because the order and values do not match.
- D (2:1:3) is wrong because N and P are swapped.
Exam tip
Remember the order N-P-K ("Nigerians Pay Kobo"). When you see a fertilizer grade, divide all three numbers by the smallest one. For example, 10-20-10 simplifies to 1:2:1, and 15-15-15 simplifies to 1:1:1.
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- 10.
If 30 eggs make up a crate of eggs, how many eggs are in 2 packs assuming a pack contains 10 crates of eggs?
- A.200 eggs
- B.300 eggs
- C.400 eggs
- D.600 eggs
Show answer
Answer: D. 600 eggs
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We need the total number of eggs in 2 packs. We're told:
- 1 crate = 30 eggs
- 1 pack = 10 crates
Concept: This is a simple unit-conversion problem. Convert step by step from the smallest unit (eggs) to the largest (packs) by multiplying.
Solution:
- Eggs in 1 pack = 10 crates × 30 eggs per crate = 300 eggs
- Eggs in 2 packs = 2 × 300 eggs = 600 eggs
Alternatively, 2 packs = 2 × 10 = 20 crates, and 20 × 30 = 600 eggs.
Answer: 600 eggs, which is option D.
Tip: In unit-conversion questions, write the chain of units, such as 2 packs → 20 crates → 600 eggs. Watch out for option B (300), which is the trap for students who find only one pack and forget to multiply by 2.
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- 11.
The structure of sandy soils can be described as?
- A.platy
- B.crumby
- C.single-grained
- D.bloc
Show answer
Answer: C. single-grained
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks about soil structure, which is how soil particles are arranged or grouped together. It asks what type of structure sandy soils have.
Explain the concept: Soil structure describes how individual soil particles (sand, silt, clay) bind into aggregates called peds. The main types are:
- Platy: particles arranged in thin horizontal layers or plates (often in compacted soils)
- Crumby (granular): small, rounded, porous aggregates (typical of loamy, humus-rich topsoil)
- Blocky: cube-like blocks (common in subsoils with clay)
- Prismatic/columnar: vertical pillar-like columns
- Single-grained: particles do not stick together at all; each grain acts independently
- Massive: particles stuck together in one big mass with no clear units
Solution:
- Sandy soil has large particles (0.05-2.0 mm).
- Sand has very little clay and organic matter, so there is almost no "glue" to bind the particles.
- Without binding, the grains stay loose and separate. This is called a single-grained structure.
- This is why sandy soil drains quickly, has large pore spaces, and holds little water and few nutrients.
Checking the options:
- A. Platy: needs clay or compaction, so it is not typical of sand
- B. Crumby: needs humus and clay binding, so it is typical of loam
- C. Single-grained: matches loose, unbound sand grains
- D. Bloc (blocky): associated with clay-rich subsoils
Answer: The correct option is C. single-grained.
Exam tip: Remember "Sand = Single". Sandy soil is loose with grains that don't stick together. Clay tends to form blocks, plates, or massive structures because it is sticky, while loam is crumbly.
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- 12.
Mechanical power is not usually required in?
- A.soil tillage
- B.fertilizer application
- C.staking of yams
- D.planting of seeds
Show answer
Answer: C. staking of yams
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- 13.
Uncontrolled burning of forests encourages?
- A.deforestation
- B.afforestation
- C.regeneration
- D.exploitation
Show answer
Answer: A. deforestation
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks what uncontrolled (bush/forest) burning leads to or promotes.
Step 2: Understand the key terms
- Deforestation: the clearing or destruction of forests, leaving the land without trees.
- Afforestation: planting trees in an area that was not previously forest.
- Regeneration: natural regrowth of forest. It can follow controlled burning or light disturbance, but it is not what uncontrolled fire encourages.
- Exploitation: the use of forest resources, such as logging, for economic gain. It is a human activity, not a result of fire.
Step 3: Apply the concept Uncontrolled burning destroys trees, seedlings, and soil organisms. It exposes the soil to erosion and leaves fewer trees standing. Repeated fires wipe out the forest cover, which is the definition of deforestation.
Afforestation and regeneration are the opposite of what fire does. Afforestation is a deliberate human effort to restore tree cover. Exploitation concerns harvesting resources, not burning.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. deforestation.
Exam tip: Match the effect to the cause. Words like "uncontrolled," "excessive," or "indiscriminate" usually point to a negative outcome such as deforestation, erosion, or loss of soil fertility. Words like "planting" or "regrowth" point to afforestation or regeneration.
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- 14.
If a farmer produces 9 bags of millet at an average cost of D80,000.00 per bag and sells each of the 9 bags at D90,000.00 the profit is?
- A.D10,000.00
- B.D80,000.00
- C.D90,000.00
- D.D170,000.00
Show answer
Answer: C. D90,000.00
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- 15.
A nation exports agricultural produce mainly to?
- A.provide food
- B.create employment
- C.earn foreign exchange
- D.provide raw materials
Show answer
Answer: C. earn foreign exchange
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the main reason a nation exports agricultural produce, meaning it sells that produce to other countries.
Step 2: Explain the concept Exporting means selling goods to other countries. Countries pay for these goods in foreign currencies such as the US dollar, pound sterling, or euro. This income is called foreign exchange. Nigeria, for example, exports cocoa, rubber, palm produce, and groundnuts. The foreign exchange earned is used to import goods and services the country cannot produce, to pay international debts, and to build reserves.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Provide food: This is the purpose of agricultural production for domestic use. Exporting actually sends food out of the country.
- B. Create employment: Agriculture does employ many people, but that is a benefit of farming in general, not the main reason for exporting.
- C. Earn foreign exchange: Correct. Export sales bring in foreign currency, which is the main economic goal of exporting.
- D. Provide raw materials: This is the role of agriculture for local industries, such as cotton for textile factories, not the purpose of exporting.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is C. earn foreign exchange.
Exam tip: When you see "export" in an Agricultural Science or Economics question, think "foreign exchange." When you see "import," think of spending foreign exchange. Remember: Export = Earn.
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- 16.
An agricultural system which combines crop production with forest establishment is known as?
- A.plantation farming
- B.taungya farming
- C.arable farming
- D.mixed farming
Show answer
Answer: B. taungya farming
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the system that combines growing food crops with establishing forest trees.
Step 2: Explain the concept Taungya farming is an agroforestry system that began in Burma ("taung" = hill, "ya" = cultivation). Farmers are allowed to plant food crops such as maize, yam, cassava, and vegetables between young forest tree seedlings (e.g., teak, gmelina, mahogany) on government forest reserve land. The farmers weed and tend the crops, and in doing so they also care for the young trees. When the trees grow and the canopy closes, the farmers move to a new site.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Plantation farming: Large-scale growing of a single perennial crop such as oil palm, rubber, or cocoa. It does not combine crops with forest establishment.
- B. Taungya farming: Food crops are grown together with forest tree seedlings. This matches the question.
- C. Arable farming: Cultivation of annual crops on land that is ploughed. It involves no forestry.
- D. Mixed farming: Crop production combined with livestock rearing, not with forestry.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is B. taungya farming.
Exam tip: Remember "Taungya = Trees + Agriculture." Whenever you see "crops + forest trees" or "agroforestry," think taungya. Likewise, "crops + livestock" means mixed farming.
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- 17.
Tapeworm, liver fluke and roundworm can be controlled by?
- A.flushing
- B.drenching
- C.dipping
- D.fumigation
Show answer
Answer: B. drenching
AI explanation
Analyze the question: Tapeworm, liver fluke and roundworm are all internal parasites (endoparasites), specifically helminths (worms) living in the gut, liver and other organs of livestock. The question asks which method controls them.
Explain the concepts:
- Flushing: Giving extra feed to breeding females before mating to increase ovulation rate. It has nothing to do with parasites.
- Drenching: Giving liquid medicine (anthelmintic or dewormer) by mouth to livestock. It kills internal parasites such as worms.
- Dipping: Immersing animals in an acaricide solution to control external parasites such as ticks, mites, lice and fleas.
- Fumigation: Using gas or smoke to kill pests in stores, houses or soil, mainly insects and rodents.
Solution:
- Tapeworm, liver fluke and roundworm are internal parasites.
- Internal parasites are treated with oral medication, which is called drenching.
- Dipping applies only to external parasites. Flushing is a feeding practice. Fumigation is for stored products and structures.
So the answer is drenching.
Tip: Link the word to the parasite location. Drench = Down the throat = Deworm (internal). Dip = Skin = Ticks (external).
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- 18.
Which of the following statements is not a reason for feeding farm animals?
- A.production of energy for work
- B.building up of body tissue
- C.production of inorganic manure
- D.protection of animals from diseases
Show answer
Answer: C. production of inorganic manure
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We are asked for the statement that is NOT a reason for feeding farm animals. Three options will be genuine purposes of feeding, and one will not.
Concept: Farm animals are fed so that they can:
- get energy for movement, work, and body activities
- grow and repair body tissues (proteins, minerals)
- resist diseases (vitamins, minerals, and a good nutrient balance support the immune system)
- produce meat, milk, eggs, wool, and so on
- reproduce and stay healthy
Step-by-step check of the options:
- A. Production of energy for work. This is a valid reason. Carbohydrates and fats supply energy for activities such as ploughing by oxen.
- B. Building up of body tissue. This is a valid reason. Proteins and minerals are needed for growth and repair.
- C. Production of inorganic manure. This is not a reason for feeding animals. Animal droppings are organic manure, not inorganic. Inorganic manure (fertilizer) is made industrially, for example NPK and urea. Manure is only a by-product of feeding, not its purpose.
- D. Protection of animals from diseases. This is a valid reason. Well-fed animals with enough vitamins and minerals resist diseases better.
Answer: The statement that is not a reason for feeding farm animals is C. It also contains a trap word: animal waste gives organic, not inorganic, manure.
Exam tip: In "which is NOT" questions, check each option against the main purposes of feeding: energy, growth and repair, protection, and production. Whatever does not fit is your answer. Also watch for the words organic and inorganic, which examiners like to switch.
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- 19.
Which of the following tree species is suitable for making electric poles?
- A.Indian almond
- B.mango
- C.silk cotton
- D.teak
Show answer
Answer: D. teak
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which tree is suitable for making electric poles. Poles stay outdoors for many years, so the timber must be strong, durable, straight-stemmed, and resistant to termites, rot and weather.
Step 2: Explain the concept Good timber for poles has these qualities:
- Hard, strong wood that can bear weight and tension
- A tall, straight, cylindrical trunk
- Natural resistance to decay and insect attack (termites)
- Little shrinking or warping
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Indian almond (Terminalia catappa): This is mostly grown for shade and fruit. Its wood is only moderately durable and is not a standard pole timber.
- B. Mango: This is mainly a fruit tree. Its wood is not durable and is prone to rot and insect attack.
- C. Silk cotton (Ceiba pentandra): The wood is very light, soft and weak. It is used for making things like plywood cores, packing boxes and matchsticks, so it is unsuitable for poles.
- D. Teak (Tectona grandis): The wood is hard, strong, straight-grained and highly resistant to termites and decay. Teak is widely planted in Nigeria in forest plantations for poles, posts and construction timber.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is **D.
Tip: Link the tree to its wood properties. "Teak = tough and termite-resistant" goes with poles, posts and furniture. "Silk cotton = soft and light" goes with boxes and matchsticks.
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- 20.
In a brooder house, which of the following factors is monitored with the use of wet and dry hygrometer?
- A.rainfall
- B.temperature
- C.relative humidity
- D.atmosphere pressure
Show answer
Answer: C. relative humidity
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks which factor in a brooder house (where chicks are raised) is measured using a wet and dry bulb hygrometer.
Explain the concept: A wet and dry bulb hygrometer has two thermometers:
- The dry bulb measures the normal air temperature.
- The wet bulb has its bulb covered with a damp wick or cloth. Water evaporating from it cools it, so it reads lower than the dry bulb.
The difference between the two readings depends on how much moisture is in the air:
- If the air is very humid, little evaporation occurs, so the two readings are close together.
- If the air is dry, more evaporation occurs, so the gap is larger.
Using this difference and a reference chart, you read off the relative humidity.
Go through the options:
- A. Rainfall: measured with a rain gauge, and not relevant inside a brooder house.
- B. Temperature: measured with an ordinary thermometer. The dry bulb does show temperature, but the purpose of the wet and dry pair is to find humidity.
- C. Relative humidity: correct. This is what the wet and dry hygrometer is designed to measure.
- D. Atmospheric pressure: measured with a barometer.
Why it matters in a brooder house: Chicks need proper humidity (about 50-70%). If it is too low, there is dust and dehydration. If it is too high, the litter gets damp, which encourages diseases such as coccidiosis.
Exam tip: Match the instrument to what it measures:
- Hygrometer → humidity
- Thermometer → temperature
- Barometer → pressure
- Rain gauge → rainfall
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- 21.
The illustrated equipment is called?
- A.arrow
- B.harpoon
- C.wooden peg
- D.ranging pole
Show answer
Answer: A. arrow
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- 22.
The methods of rangeland improvement which ensure continuous herbage growth during the dry season are?
- A.reseeding and pest control
- B.controlled stocking and disease control
- C.fertiliser application and irrigation
- D.rotational grazing and weed control
Show answer
Answer: C. fertiliser application and irrigation
AI explanation
Analyze the question: It asks which rangeland (pasture) improvement methods keep grass growing during the dry season. The key issue is the dry season, so the limiting factor is water and soil nutrients.
Concept: Rangeland improvement includes reseeding, fertilizing, irrigating, controlled grazing, bush-burning control, weed control, and so on. Grass only keeps growing in the dry season if it has:
- Water, which comes from irrigation, because rainfall is absent.
- Nutrients, which come from fertiliser application, to support fast, continuous regrowth.
Evaluating the options:
- A. Reseeding and pest control: Reseeding introduces better grasses and legumes, but without water they will not grow in the dry season. Pest control does not supply water either.
- B. Controlled stocking and disease control: These protect the pasture and the animals, but they do not make the grass grow when it is dry.
- C. Fertiliser application and irrigation: Irrigation supplies water and fertiliser supplies nutrients, so herbage keeps growing all year, including the dry season. ✔
- D. Rotational grazing and weed control: These prevent overgrazing and reduce competition, but they do not solve the lack of water.
Exam tip: When a question stresses "dry season" or "continuous growth," think water, so look for irrigation. Pair it with fertiliser, because the two together drive plant growth.
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- 23.
A crop that can be propagated by stem cutting is?
- A.plaintain
- B.pepper
- C.cassava
- D.carrot
Show answer
Answer: C. cassava
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- 24.
A farmer whose production exceeds point C will experience
- A.surplus to the market
- B.shortfalls in supply
- C.decrease in cost of production
- D.decrease in revenue generated
Show answer
Answer: A. surplus to the market
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- 25.
Which of the following statement is not true about farming in West Africa?
- A.farm labour is highly inefficient
- B.farm workers are poorly paid
- C.getting reliable labour is difficult
- D.mechanisation is fully adopted
Show answer
Answer: D. mechanisation is fully adopted
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We are asked to find the statement that is NOT true about farming in West Africa. So we look for the option that does not describe the real situation.
Concept: Farming in West Africa is mostly small-scale and subsistence-based. Farmers rely heavily on simple tools such as hoes and cutlasses, and farm labour is mostly human (manual). Because of this, there are well-known labour problems in agriculture.
Checking each option:
- A. Farm labour is highly inefficient. True. Manual methods and simple tools give low output per worker.
- B. Farm workers are poorly paid. True. Farm incomes and wages are generally low compared with other sectors.
- C. Getting reliable labour is difficult. True. Rural-urban migration of the youth, the seasonal nature of farm work, and the drudgery of farming make dependable labour scarce.
- D. Mechanisation is fully adopted. Not true. Mechanisation is still at a low level because of high costs of machines, small and fragmented land holdings, low capital, and limited technical know-how. Tractors and other machines are used by only a small fraction of farmers.
Tip: In "which is NOT true" questions, watch for extreme words like "fully," "all," "always," or "completely." They often signal the false statement. Here, "fully adopted" is far from the reality in West Africa.
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- 26.
The part which a bait is attached before lowering the tool in water is labelled?
- A.IV
- B.III
- C.II
- D.I
Show answer
Answer: D. I
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- 27.
A cost effective way of disseminating urgent information to a large number of farmers at the same time is through?
- A.demonstration
- B.evaluation
- C.mass media
- D.field trip
Show answer
Answer: C. mass media
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for a method that is:
- Cost effective (cheap per person reached)
- Fast, because the information is urgent
- Able to reach many farmers at the same time
Step 2: Explain the concept In agricultural extension, there are different methods of passing information to farmers:
- Individual methods: farm visits, phone calls (reach one person at a time)
- Group methods: demonstrations, field trips, meetings (reach limited numbers)
- Mass methods: radio, television, newspapers, posters, and the internet (reach very large audiences at once)
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Demonstration: Shows farmers how to do something practically. It is useful for teaching skills, but it takes time and reaches only a small group at a particular location. It is not ideal for urgent information.
- B. Evaluation: This is the assessment of how successful an extension programme was. It is not a way of passing information.
- C. Mass media: Radio, TV, and newspapers can send a message (for example, a warning about a locust or armyworm outbreak, or a flood alert) to thousands of farmers at once, quickly and at low cost per person. ✔
- D. Field trip: Farmers are taken to visit a farm or research station. This is costly and slow and involves only a limited number of people.
Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. mass media.
Tip: Look for keywords. "Large number" + "same time" + "urgent" points to mass media. "Show how" or "practical" points to demonstration. "Visit" points to field trip.
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- 28.
The major objective of farm planning is to?
- A.maximize the use of available resources
- B.control insects pests of crops
- C.control diseases among animals
- D.reduce losses due to natural disasters
Show answer
Answer: A. maximize the use of available resources
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the major objective of farm planning. Farm planning is the process of deciding in advance what to produce, how to produce it, and when, using the resources available on the farm.
Step 2: Explain the concept Farm planning means organizing the farm's resources (land, labour, capital, and management) so the farmer can reach set goals. Those goals are usually higher output, higher income, and efficient operation. Because resources are limited, a good plan makes sure none are wasted and each is put to its best use.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Maximize the use of available resources: This fits farm planning. A plan allocates land, labour, and capital efficiently to get the best returns.
- B. Control insect pests of crops: This is crop protection, a production practice. It can be part of a plan, but it is not the main objective.
- C. Control diseases among animals: This is animal health management, not the central purpose of planning.
- D. Reduce losses due to natural disasters: Planning may reduce risk a little, but natural disasters are largely beyond a farmer's control. This is not the main goal.
Step 4: Answer The major objective of farm planning is to maximize the use of available resources.
Exam tip: In Agricultural Science, when you see "planning" or "management," think of efficient use of resources. Options about specific pests or diseases usually describe particular practices, not the broad objective.
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- 29.
Calculate the area of the farmland.
- A.0.32ha
- B.0.36ha
- C.0.47ha
- D.0.52ha
Show answer
Answer: B. 0.36ha
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30.This question needs a diagram, table or passage that we don't have yet, so it isn't shown.
- 31.
Which of the following crops is dicotyledonous?
- A.Zea mays
- B.Oryza sativa
- C.Elaeis guineensis
- D.vigna unguiculata
Show answer
Answer: D. vigna unguiculata
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We need to find the crop that is a dicot (dicotyledonous), meaning its seed has two cotyledons. Each option is given as a scientific name, so we must identify the crop from each.
Step 2: Concept
- Monocots have one cotyledon, parallel-veined leaves, fibrous roots, and scattered vascular bundles. Examples are grasses (cereals) and palms.
- Dicots have two cotyledons, net-veined leaves, a tap root system, and vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Legumes are the classic examples.
Step 3: Identify each option
- A. Zea mays is maize, a cereal grass, so it is a monocot.
- B. Oryza sativa is rice, a cereal grass, so it is a monocot.
- C. Elaeis guineensis is the oil palm. Palms are monocots.
- D. Vigna unguiculata is cowpea (beans), a legume. Its seed splits into two halves (two cotyledons), so it is a dicot.
Step 4: Answer The dicotyledonous crop is D. Vigna unguiculata (cowpea).
Tip: Remember that cereals (maize, rice, wheat, guinea corn, millet) and palms (oil palm, coconut) are monocots, while legumes (cowpea, groundnut, soybean) and most broad-leaved crops (cocoa, cassava, tomato, orange) are dicots. If you see a bean-type seed that splits into two halves, think dicot.
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- 32.
The yield of cocoa trees is not influenced by?
- A.pest infestation
- B.fertiliser application
- C.method of harvesting
- D.method of soil tillage
Show answer
Answer: D. method of soil tillage
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We need the factor that does NOT affect the yield of cocoa trees. Cocoa is a perennial tree crop, so think about what actually affects its output.
Explain the concept:
- Cocoa is a permanent (perennial) tree crop. Once planted, the soil is not ploughed, ridged, or tilled repeatedly the way it is for annual crops such as maize, yam, or cassava. Cocoa farmers usually practise only minimal weeding and mulching, because deep tillage can damage the shallow feeder roots.
Check each option:
- A. Pest infestation: Mirids (capsids) and black pod disease strongly reduce cocoa yield. So it does influence yield.
- B. Fertiliser application: Supplying nutrients improves pod production. It influences yield.
- C. Method of harvesting: Careless harvesting can damage the flower cushions, where future pods form, and so reduces later yields. It influences yield.
- D. Method of soil tillage: Established cocoa trees are generally not tilled, so the tillage method has no real bearing on their yield. This is the factor that does not influence it.
Answer: D. Method of soil tillage.
Exam tip: When a question asks what does NOT affect a crop, think about the crop's nature. For perennial tree crops (cocoa, oil palm, rubber), tillage is largely irrelevant, while pests, fertiliser, and harvesting practices matter.
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- 33.
An important reason for staking yam is to?
- A.expose the leaves to sunlight
- B.prevent water logging on the farm
- C.enhance the formation of leaves
- D.expose the flowers to pollination
Show answer
Answer: A. expose the leaves to sunlight
AI explanation
Analyze the question: Staking means providing a support (a stake or pole) for the yam vine to climb. The question asks why farmers do this.
Explain the concept: Yam is a climbing plant. If its vines trail on the ground, the leaves overlap and shade one another. Leaves are the site of photosynthesis, and photosynthesis needs light:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (in the presence of light and chlorophyll)
Climbing a stake lifts the vine off the ground and spreads the leaves out so they receive more sunlight. More photosynthesis means more food made and stored in the tuber, which gives a better yield.
Check each option:
- A. Expose the leaves to sunlight: Correct. This is the main purpose of staking.
- B. Prevent water logging: Water logging is controlled by mounds, ridges, and drainage, not by stakes.
- C. Enhance the formation of leaves: Staking does not make the plant produce more leaves. It only improves how well the existing leaves are exposed.
- D. Expose the flowers to pollination: Yam is grown for its tubers, and pollination is not the reason for staking.
Answer: A. Staking exposes the leaves to sunlight.
Exam tip: Remember "Stake = Sun." Staking is about light, which leads to photosynthesis and then bigger tubers. Other benefits include reduced disease, since leaves stay off the damp soil, but sunlight exposure is the answer WASSCE usually wants.
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- 34.
Which factor of production has the following characteristics? I.Free gift of nature II.Limited in supply III.Immobile
- A.land
- B.labour
- C.capital
- D.entrepreneur
Show answer
Answer: A. land
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question We need the factor of production that is (I) a free gift of nature, (II) limited in supply, and (III) immobile.
Step 2: Review the concept The four factors of production are land, labour, capital, and entrepreneur.
- Land includes all natural resources: soil, water, forests, minerals. Nature provides it, nobody manufactures it, and its total supply is fixed.
- Labour is human effort. It is not a gift of nature in the economic sense, and it is mobile because people can move to find work.
- Capital is man-made wealth such as tools, machinery, and money. It is produced, not a free gift, and it can be moved.
- Entrepreneur is the person who organizes the other factors and takes risks. This is a human skill, not a gift of nature, and the person is mobile.
Step 3: Test each characteristic against land
- I. Free gift of nature: yes. Land exists naturally, without human production.
- II. Limited in supply: yes. The total land area of the earth (or of Nigeria) is fixed.
- III. Immobile: yes. Land cannot be moved from one place to another geographically. (Its use can change, but the land itself stays put.)
Step 4: Eliminate the others Labour, capital, and entrepreneur are all human-related or man-made, and all can move from place to place. None of them is a free gift of nature.
Answer: A. land
Exam tip: Remember the word "LAND = Gift + Fixed + Fixed in place." Whenever you see "free gift of nature," "fixed supply," or "geographically immobile" in a factors-of-production question, think land immediately.
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- 35.
Which of the labelled parts enables the tool to float on water when fish is caught?
- A.IV
- B.III
- C.II
- D.I
Show answer
Answer: D. I
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- 36.
A total of 12,000kg of maize was demanded at N20 per kg while 8,000kg of it was demanded at N30 per kg. What is the percentage change in quantity demanded?
- A.33%
- B.50%
- C.67%
- D.150%
Show answer
Answer: A. 33%
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The quantity demanded changed as the price changed from N20 to N30. We need the percentage change in quantity demanded.
Concept: Percentage change = (change in quantity ÷ original quantity) × 100
Solution:
- At the original price of N20 per kg, quantity demanded = 12,000 kg
- At the new price of N30 per kg, quantity demanded = 8,000 kg
Change in quantity = 8,000 − 12,000 = −4,000 kg
Percentage change = (−4,000 ÷ 12,000) × 100 = −33.3%
So quantity demanded fell by about 33%. This is consistent with the law of demand: when price rises, quantity demanded falls.
Checking the other options:
- 50% would come from 4,000 ÷ 8,000, using the wrong base (the new quantity instead of the original).
- 67% is 8,000 ÷ 12,000, which is the new quantity as a share of the old, not the change.
- 150% is 12,000 ÷ 8,000, which is also not a percentage change.
Tip: Always divide by the original (first) value when computing percentage change. Write it as (New − Old) ÷ Old × 100, and a negative sign simply means a fall.
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- 37.
Quarantine measures in agriculture are aimed at?
- A.regulating cost of importation of crops and animals
- B.preventing the introduction of pests and diseases
- C.maintaining genetic purity of crops and animals
- D.introducing new varieties of crops and breeds of animals
Show answer
Answer: B. preventing the introduction of pests and diseases
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks about the purpose of quarantine measures in agriculture.
Step 2: Explain the concept Quarantine means isolating and inspecting plants, animals, and their products that are being moved from one place to another (especially across borders). The goal is to make sure they are free from pests and diseases before they are allowed to mix with local crops and livestock.
In Nigeria, the Nigeria Agricultural Quarantine Service (NAQS) carries out this work at airports, seaports, and land borders. They inspect imported seeds, seedlings, animals, and meat or produce.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Regulating cost of importation: Incorrect. Quarantine is not about pricing. Import duties and tariffs control cost.
- B. Preventing the introduction of pests and diseases: Correct. This is the core purpose of quarantine. Examples are the spread of foot-and-mouth disease, swine fever, or crop pests such as the cassava mealybug from other regions.
- C. Maintaining genetic purity: Incorrect. This is the aim of seed certification, breeding programmes, and isolation during seed production, not quarantine.
- D. Introducing new varieties and breeds: Incorrect. Quarantine controls the entry of materials. It does not promote them. New varieties are introduced through research and breeding.
Step 4: Answer
Exam tip: Remember "Quarantine = Quarantine the Quarrel-makers", meaning pests and diseases. If you see "quarantine" in an agric question, think of disease and pest control, restricting movement, and inspection.
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- 38.
A pest that attacks stored maize grain is?
- A.mirid
- B.rodent
- C.grasshopper
- D.aphid
Show answer
Answer: B. rodent
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks for a pest that attacks maize in storage (after harvest), not one that attacks crops on the farm.
Explain the concept: Pests are grouped by where they attack:
- Field pests attack crops while they are growing.
- Storage pests attack harvested produce in barns, silos, and stores. Common examples are weevils, the larger grain borer, the Angoumois grain moth, flour beetles, and rodents (rats and mice).
Check each option:
- A. Mirid (capsid): a field pest, best known for attacking cocoa pods and shoots. It is not a storage pest.
- B. Rodent: rats and mice eat and contaminate stored grain in cribs, barns, and stores. This is a storage pest.
- C. Grasshopper: a field pest that feeds on leaves of growing crops.
- D. Aphid: a sap-sucking field pest that attacks leaves and stems of growing plants.
Answer: Only rodents among the options attack stored maize grain, so the answer is B.
A note for your revision: in the exam, the usual "textbook" storage pests are insects like weevils, but this question lists none of them. Rodents are the only storage pest here.
Exam tip: When you see a pest question, first ask, "Is this on the farm or in the store?" Mirid, aphid, and grasshopper are field pests. Weevils, moths, beetles, and rodents are storage pests.
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39.This question needs a diagram, table or passage that we don't have yet, so it isn't shown.
- 40.
Igneous rocks can easily be identified through their?
- A.glassy apperance
- B.coarse texture
- C.stratified layers
- D.fossil contents
Show answer
Answer: A. glassy apperance
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the feature that makes igneous rocks easy to identify.
Step 2: Explain the concept Rocks are grouped into three main types:
- Igneous rocks form when molten magma or lava cools and solidifies (e.g., granite, basalt, obsidian).
- Sedimentary rocks form from layers of deposited sediments that are compacted and cemented (e.g., sandstone, limestone, shale).
- Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure (e.g., marble, slate).
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Glassy appearance: Correct. Igneous rocks that cool quickly, such as obsidian, look glassy and shiny. Igneous rocks also show crystalline or glassy textures because they formed from cooled molten material.
- B. Coarse texture: Some igneous rocks (like granite) are coarse, but so are some sedimentary rocks (like conglomerate) and metamorphic rocks (like gneiss). It is not unique to igneous rocks. Also, many igneous rocks such as basalt are fine-grained.
- C. Stratified layers: This is the signature of sedimentary rocks, not igneous ones.
- D. Fossil contents: Fossils are found in sedimentary rocks. The high temperatures of igneous formation would destroy any fossils.
Step 4: Conclusion Among the options, the glassy appearance is the one that fits igneous rocks, and the other options point to sedimentary rocks or are not specific to igneous rocks.
Exam tip: Remember these links:
- Igneous → crystals or glass, with no layers and no fossils
- Sedimentary → layers (strata) and fossils
- Metamorphic → banding or foliation, hard and compact
If an option mentions layers or fossils, think sedimentary and eliminate it right away.
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- 41.
Crops which grow and mature within few weeks of their cultivation are called?
- A.annual crops
- B.ephemeral crops
- C.perennial crops
- D.biennial crops
Show answer
Answer: B. ephemeral crops
AI explanation
Analyze the question: The question asks for the term used for crops that grow and mature within a few weeks after planting. The key phrase is "within few weeks," which points to a very short life cycle.
Explain the concept: Crops are classified by the length of their life cycle:
- Ephemeral crops: Very short-lived. They complete their life cycle in a few weeks, usually less than a season. Examples are some leafy vegetables like amaranthus (tete) and radish.
- Annual crops: Complete their life cycle in one year, or one growing season. Examples are maize, rice, cowpea and tomato.
- Biennial crops: Take two years to complete the life cycle. They grow vegetatively in the first year, then flower and fruit in the second. Examples are carrot and cabbage.
- Perennial crops: Live for many years and produce repeatedly. Examples are cocoa, oil palm, rubber and mango.
Step-by-step solution:
- The crop matures within a few weeks. That is far shorter than a year.
- This rules out annual (a full season or year), biennial (two years) and perennial (many years).
- The only term for a life cycle of just a few weeks is ephemeral.
Answer: The correct option is B. ephemeral crops.
Tip: Link the word "ephemeral" to "ephemeral = brief or fleeting." You can also remember the sequence by duration: Ephemeral (weeks) → Annual (1 year) → Biennial (2 years) → Perennial (many years).
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- 42.
Which of the following statements about threshing of rice are true? I.Rice grains are separated from the panicle II.Breakage of some grains could occur III.The grains are polished
- A.I and II Only
- B.I and III Only
- C.II and III Only
- D.I, II and III
Show answer
Answer: A. I and II Only
AI explanation
Analyzing the question: You are asked which statements correctly describe threshing of rice, which is a post-harvest operation.
Concept: Threshing is the process of separating the grains from the panicle (the head or ear of the plant) after harvesting. It can be done by beating, treading, or using a mechanical thresher. Polishing is different. It happens during milling, when the bran layer is removed to make white rice.
Checking each statement:
- I. Rice grains are separated from the panicle. True. This is the definition of threshing.
- II. Breakage of some grains could occur. True. Beating or mechanical threshing can crack or break some grains, especially if the grains are too dry or the machine is poorly adjusted.
- III. The grains are polished. False. Polishing is part of milling, which comes after threshing, parboiling, and drying.
So only I and II are true.
Answer: A. I and II Only
Tip: Remember the rice processing order: Harvesting → Threshing → Drying/Parboiling → Milling (hulling and polishing) → Packaging. Anything about polishing, removing husks, or bran belongs to milling, not threshing.
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43.This question needs a diagram, table or passage that we don't have yet, so it isn't shown.
- 44.
An important characteristic of pigs is that they are?
- A.highly prolific
- B.great milk producers
- C.resistant to parasites
- D.able to digest cellulose
Show answer
Answer: A. highly prolific
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for an important characteristic of pigs (swine) as farm animals.
Step 2: Explain the concept Pigs are monogastric (single-stomached) animals. This affects what they can digest. They are also known for their reproductive efficiency, which is a major reason farmers rear them for meat (pork, bacon).
Step 3: Evaluate each option
- A. Highly prolific: Correct. A sow can produce many piglets per litter (often 8-12 or more). Gestation is short (about 114 days, or "3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days"), and a sow can farrow about twice a year. This high reproductive rate is the best-known characteristic of pigs.
- B. Great milk producers: Incorrect. Pigs are not kept for milk. Dairy cattle, goats, and sheep are the milk producers.
- C. Resistant to parasites: Incorrect. Pigs are quite susceptible to parasites such as roundworms (Ascaris suum), as well as external parasites like lice and mange mites.
- D. Able to digest cellulose: Incorrect. Being monogastric, pigs have little ability to digest crude fibre or cellulose. Ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats can digest it because of microbes in the rumen. This is why pig feeds are low in fibre.
Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. highly prolific.
Tip: Remember "Pigs = Prolific, Ruminants = Roughage." Pigs give many offspring, while ruminants handle fibrous feed. If a question is about digesting cellulose, think of ruminants, not pigs.
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- 45.
The illustrated equipment is used for?
- A.making drills
- B.marking stations
- C.marking chain lengths
- D.making holes for transplating
Show answer
Answer: D. making holes for transplating
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- 46.
If the yield of cowpea is 750kg per hectare, calculate the yield of cowpea from a 20 hectare farm.
- A.7,500kg
- B.15,000kg
- C.22,500kg
- D.37,500kg
Show answer
Answer: B. 15,000kg
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- 47.
Which of the following diseases of tomato is caused by nematode?
- A.fusarium wilt
- B.root knot
- C.leaf spot
- D.leaf curl
Show answer
Answer: B. root knot
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which tomato disease is caused by a nematode (a microscopic roundworm). So we need to match each disease with its causal agent.
Step 2: Explain the concept Plant diseases are caused by different types of pathogens:
- Fungi cause wilts, leaf spots, blights and rots.
- Bacteria cause bacterial wilt, soft rot and bacterial spot.
- Viruses cause leaf curl and mosaic.
- Nematodes (eelworms) live in the soil and attack roots, causing swellings called galls or knots.
Step 3: Check each option
- A. Fusarium wilt: caused by a fungus (Fusarium oxysporum). It blocks the water-conducting vessels, so the plant wilts. Not a nematode.
- B. Root knot: caused by the nematode Meloidogyne species. The worms invade the roots and form galls (knots), which reduce water and nutrient uptake. This is the nematode disease.
- C. Leaf spot: caused mainly by fungi (for example Septoria or Cercospora) and sometimes bacteria. Not a nematode.
- D. Leaf curl: caused by a virus (Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus), spread by whiteflies. Not a nematode.
Step 4: Answer The disease caused by a nematode is root knot, which is option B.
Tip: Link the name to the cause. "Root knot" means the nematode attacks the roots and makes knots. Remember: Wilt = fungus, Leaf curl = virus, Root knot = nematode.
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- 48.
Digestion in ruminants is mainly?
- A.enzymatic
- B.microbial
- C.mastication and enzymatic
- D.microbial and enzymatic
Show answer
Answer: D. microbial and enzymatic
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- 49.
Which of the following statements is not a precaution measure in bee keeping?
- A.the apiary should not be fenced to allow for proper ventilation
- B.the attendant should always wear protective clothing
- C.warning signs should be placed near an apiary
- D.locate apiaries far from human dwellings
Show answer
Answer: A. the apiary should not be fenced to allow for proper ventilation
AI explanation
Analyze the question: We are asked to find the statement that is NOT a precaution in bee keeping (apiary management). Three options will be genuine safety measures, and one will be wrong or unsafe.
Concept: Bees can sting and sometimes attack people and animals. Precautions in bee keeping are meant to protect both the keeper and the public. They include:
- Wearing protective clothing (veil, gloves, overalls, boots)
- Using a smoker to calm the bees
- Siting apiaries away from houses, roads, schools and livestock
- Putting up warning signs
- Fencing the apiary to keep out people, children and animals, which also helps stop vandalism and disturbance of the hives
Step-by-step check of each option:
- A. The apiary should not be fenced to allow for proper ventilation. This is not a precaution. Fencing is recommended because it keeps people and livestock away from the hives. A fence (such as wire mesh or a live fence) does not block ventilation, since air passes through it easily. Ventilation is handled by hive design and by siting the apiary in a shaded, airy place. Leaving the apiary unfenced would be a safety risk, so this statement is not a precaution.
- B. The attendant should always wear protective clothing. This is a correct precaution that prevents stings.
- C. Warning signs should be placed near an apiary. This is a correct precaution that alerts passers-by.
- D. Locate apiaries far from human dwellings. This is a correct precaution that reduces the risk of people being stung.
Answer: The statement that is not a precaution is A.
Exam tip: In "which is NOT" questions, look for the option that goes against common-sense safety. Words like "should not be fenced" are a red flag, because bee keeping safety is about restricting access and protecting people.
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- 50.
Rickets in farm animals can be controlled by?
- A.feeding carbohydrates to the animals
- B.feeding animals with quality grasses and legumes
- C.adding yeast and vegetables to animal feed
- D.adding fish meal and oyster shell to animal feed
Show answer
Answer: D. adding fish meal and oyster shell to animal feed
AI explanation
Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks how rickets in farm animals can be controlled. Rickets is a deficiency disease, so we need to identify what nutrient is missing and which feed supplies it.
Step 2: Explain the concept Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorus. These nutrients are needed for proper bone formation. Without them, the bones of young animals become soft, weak, and deformed. Typical signs are bowed legs, swollen joints, stunted growth, and difficulty walking.
To control rickets, we must supply the minerals and vitamin D that build bone:
- Calcium: oyster shell, bone meal, limestone
- Phosphorus: bone meal, fish meal
- Vitamin D: fish liver oil, fish meal, sunlight exposure
Step 3: Evaluate the options
- A. Carbohydrates: These supply energy, not bone-building minerals. Carbohydrate deficiency does not cause rickets. ❌
- B. Quality grasses and legumes: These provide protein, fibre, and some minerals, but they are not the specific, concentrated source of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D that the question points to. ❌
- C. Yeast and vegetables: Yeast is a source of B vitamins, which help prevent problems like beriberi and poor appetite, not rickets. ❌
- D. Fish meal and oyster shell: Fish meal provides phosphorus and some vitamin D, while oyster shell provides calcium. Together they supply the nutrients needed to prevent rickets. ✅
Step 4: Answer
💡 Exam tip: Link each deficiency disease to its nutrient:
- Rickets → Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus (bones)
- Beriberi → Vitamin B₁
- Night blindness → Vitamin A
- Scurvy → Vitamin C
- Goitre → Iodine
- Anaemia → Iron
Remember: "Rickets = Rock-hard bones needed", so think calcium sources such as oyster shell and bone meal.
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