WAEC • Economics • Syllabus

WAEC Economics Syllabus for WASSCE 2027

The WAEC Economics syllabus is the list of topics WASSCE Economics questions are set from, with the exam body's notes on how far each topic goes. Use it as a revision checklist: pick a topic, read what it covers, then practise past questions on it until you can answer them in exam time.

Syllabus content © The West African Examinations Council. Source. Summaries marked “Our summary” are written by DeeepSolve.

WASSCE Economics exam scheme

Exam scheme

Papers
There will be two papers - Paper 1 and Paper 2; both of which will be in a composite paper to be taken at one sitting.
Paper 1
Will consist of fifty multiple choice questions to be taken in 1 hour for 50 marks.
Paper 2
Will consist of eight essay-type questions in two sections: Sections A and B. Section A will consist of two data response questions. Candidates will be required to answer four questions in all, choosing one question from Section A and any three questions from Section B. The paper shall last 2 hours for 80 marks.

Foundations of economics

Our summary: What economics studies, the resources an economy uses, how economic systems differ and the basic tools for reading economic data.

Definition and scope of economics

Our summary: Why scarcity forces choices, what those choices cost, and how economic activities are grouped.

Contents

  • Scarcity and choice, scale of preference, opportunity cost, production possibility curve
  • Economic activities – production, distribution and consumption
  • Classification of economic activities – primary, secondary and tertiary and their relative contributions in terms of output/income, employment, savings, investment and foreign exchange

Factors of production

Our summary: Land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship, what each one is and why it matters.

Contents

  • Land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship – meaning, characteristics and importance

Types and basic features of economic systems

Our summary: Capitalism, socialism and the mixed economy, and how each one tackles society's economic problems.

Contents

  • Types – capitalism, socialism and mixed economy
  • Basic features of each
  • Advantages and disadvantages of each
  • Economic problems of society and the approaches for solving them under each of the systems

Basic tools of economic analysis

Our summary: Presenting data in tables, graphs and charts and working out the mean, median and mode.

Contents

  • Tables, graphs and charts
  • Some basic statistical measures and representations – arithmetic mean, median, mode and their simple applications

Demand, supply and prices

Our summary: How buyers and sellers behave and how their choices set prices and quantities in a market.

Demand

Our summary: What decides how much people want to buy, how demand curves behave and how to measure elasticity of demand.

Contents

  • Concept of demand and law of demand, the demand schedules and curve, reasons for exceptional demand curves
  • Types of demand (derived, composite, joint and competitive)
  • Factors determining demand for goods and services – price of the commodity, prices of other commodities, income, tastes, price expectation, etc.
  • Distinction between a shift of and movement along a demand curve
  • Concept of elasticity of demand
  • Types of elasticity of demand and their measurement – price, income and cross elasticities of demand
  • Importance of the concept of elasticity of demand to consumers, producers and government

Supply

Our summary: What decides how much producers offer for sale, how supply curves behave and how to measure elasticity of supply.

Contents

  • Concept of supply and law of supply, supply schedules and curve
  • Types of supply – composite, complementary and competitive
  • Factors determining supply – input prices, technology, prices of other commodities, climatic factors, etc.
  • Distinction between the shift of and movement along the supply curve
  • Concept and measurement of elasticity of supply and its importance to producers and government

Theory of consumer behaviour

Our summary: Measuring satisfaction with utility and finding the point where a consumer is in equilibrium.

Contents

  • The utility concepts – total utility, average utility, marginal utility and the calculation of utility schedules
  • The law of diminishing marginal utility
  • Relationship between total utility, average utility and marginal utility
  • The concept of equilibrium of a consumer
  • Determination of consumer equilibrium
  • The effects of changes in price on consumer equilibrium
  • The relationship between marginal utility and the demand curve

Theory of price determination

Our summary: How demand and supply meet to set the equilibrium price and quantity, and what price controls do.

Contents

  • The concept of the market
  • Interaction between demand and supply
  • Price determination under free and regulated markets
  • Equilibrium price and quantity in product and factor markets
  • The effects of changes in supply and demand on equilibrium prices and quantities
  • Introduction to algebraic determination of equilibrium price and quantity
  • Price controls: maximum and minimum price regulations – meaning and their effects; rationing, black market (parallel market)

Production, firms and markets

Our summary: How goods are produced, what production costs and earns, how markets and businesses are organised and how goods reach buyers.

Theory of production

Our summary: Division of labour, the scale of production and how output changes as more of one input is added.

Contents

  • Production: division of labour and specialization
  • Scale of production (internal and external economies)
  • Concept of total, average and marginal productivity and law of variable proportions

Theory of cost and revenue

Our summary: The different measures of a firm's costs and revenue, and how economists and accountants see cost differently.

Contents

  • Cost concepts: total cost, average cost, marginal cost, variable cost, fixed cost; short run and long run costs
  • Distinction between economist's and accountant's view of cost (opportunity cost and money cost)
  • Revenue concepts: total, average and marginal revenue; marginal revenue product

Market structures

Our summary: How price and output are set under perfect competition, monopoly and monopolistic competition.

Contents

  • Concept of a market
  • Characteristics of various market structures
  • Determination of price and output under different structures – perfect competition and imperfect competition (monopoly and monopolistic competition)
  • Review of cost and revenue concepts
  • Price discrimination

Business organizations

Our summary: The main types of business enterprise, how they raise funds, their problems, and policies such as privatization.

Contents

  • Types and basic features of business enterprises – sole proprietorship; partnership, joint-stock companies (private and public), co-operatives; statutory corporation, joint ventures
  • Sources of funds
  • General and basic problems of business enterprises
  • Privatization and commercialization as solutions to problems of public enterprises
  • Indigenization and nationalization policies

Distributive trade

Our summary: How goods move from producers through wholesalers and retailers to consumers, and the problems on the way.

Contents

  • Process of distribution
  • Role of producers, role of wholesalers, retailers and co-operatives
  • The role of government agencies in product distribution
  • The problems of distribution and their solutions

Population, labour and the productive sectors

Our summary: How population and the labour force shape the economy, and the parts played by agriculture and industry.

Population

Our summary: How population size, growth and distribution are measured and how they affect economic development.

Contents

  • Determination and implication of size and growth of population
  • Rural–urban migration
  • Malthusian theory of population
  • Geographical, age, sex and occupational distribution
  • Importance and problems of census
  • Population and economic development (under-population, optimum population and over-population)

Labour market

Our summary: The labour force, how wages are set, unemployment, and the roles of trade unions, employers and government.

Contents

  • Concept of labour force and human capital, efficiency and mobility of labour, factors affecting the size of the labour force, particularly the population characteristics (age, sex, occupation, education, etc.)
  • Supply of and demand for labour: wage determination
  • Concept of unemployment and underemployment
  • Trade unions, employers' association and government policies on labour and wages

Agriculture

Our summary: How agriculture is organised, why it matters to the national economy, and its problems and policies.

Contents

  • Structure (e.g. food crops, export crops, livestock, fisheries)
  • Systems of agriculture (peasant, commercial, co-operative and state farming)
  • Importance of agriculture to the national economy
  • Marketing of agricultural products (commodity boards)
  • Agricultural policies (minimum agricultural prices)
  • Problems of agriculture and remedies

Industrialization

Our summary: Types of industry, where industries locate, and how industrialization drives development.

Contents

  • Meaning and types of industry
  • Definition of industrial concepts: plant, firm, industry and industrial estates
  • Location of industry, localization, role of industrialization in economic development
  • Strategies of industrialization
  • Problems of industrialization
  • The link between agricultural and industrial development

National income, money and public finance

Our summary: How a country's income is measured, how money and financial institutions work, and how government raises and spends money.

National income

Our summary: GDP, GNP and related measures, how national income is calculated and what the figures can and cannot tell us.

Contents

  • Meaning of major national income concepts e.g. Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, Net National Product, etc.
  • Different ways of measuring national income and their problems
  • Uses and limitations of national income data
  • Trends and structure of national income

Money and inflation

Our summary: What money is and does, what decides its value, and the causes, effects and control of inflation.

Contents

  • Money – definition and historical development – barter and its problems, types, characteristics, functions
  • Supply of and demand for money, value of money and the price level
  • Inflation: meaning, types, causes, effects and control

Financial institutions

Our summary: Banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions, and the money and capital markets.

Contents

  • Types (traditional, central bank, commercial bank, development bank, merchant bank, insurance companies and building societies)
  • Development and functions of financial institutions
  • Money and capital markets: meaning, types and functions

Public finance

Our summary: Where government revenue comes from, how taxes work, how public money is spent, and the budget and national debt.

Contents

  • Fiscal policy and objectives of public finance
  • Sources of government revenue
  • Taxation – types (direct and indirect), objectives, merits, demerits and incidence
  • Principles/canons of taxation
  • Rates of taxation (proportional, progressive and regressive)
  • Direct and indirect taxation: incidence and effects of taxes
  • Composition/structure of public expenditure (recurrent and capital expenditure)
  • Effects of public expenditure
  • Government budget and the national debt

Development and the international economy

Our summary: How economies develop and plan, trade and cooperate across borders, and make use of their natural resources.

Economic development and planning

Our summary: Growth versus development, the problems of developing countries and how development plans work.

Contents

  • Meaning of economic development
  • Distinction between economic growth and development
  • Characteristics and problems of developing countries
  • Elements of development planning (objectives of planning, and problems of planning)
  • Types of plans (short term, medium term, perspective or long term, rolling plan etc.)

International trade and balance of payments

Our summary: Why countries trade, terms of trade and trade policy, and how the balance of payments is kept in balance.

Contents

  • International trade: differences between domestic and international trade, the basis of international trade, absolute and comparative cost advantage
  • International trade: terms of trade (definition and measurement), commercial policy (objectives) and instruments – tariffs (types) and direct control
  • International trade: trend and structure of West African countries' external trade
  • Balance of payments: role of money in international transactions, meaning and components of balance of payments
  • Balance of payments: balance of payments disequilibrium, balance of payments adjustments (exchange rate policy, exchange control, monetary and fiscal policies) and financing (the use of reserves and international borrowing)

Economic integration

Our summary: Why countries join together economically, the levels of integration, and ECOWAS in West Africa.

Contents

  • Economic integration (objectives, levels of and features)
  • Development and problems of economic integration in West Africa – ECOWAS

International economic organizations

Our summary: OPEC, the IMF, the World Bank group, the AfDB and other bodies, and what they mean for West African countries.

Contents

  • Development and role of: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC); Economic Commission for Africa (ECA); International Monetary Fund (IMF); International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); African Development Bank (AfDB); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) etc.
  • Relevance of such organizations to West African countries

Major natural resources

Our summary: How resources such as petroleum, gold and timber have been developed and how they help and harm West African economies.

Contents

  • Development of major natural resources (petroleum, gold, diamond, timber, groundnut etc.)
  • Effects on West African economies (positive and negative)

More from the WAEC Economics syllabus

Preamble

  • This syllabus is designed to assess candidates' knowledge of basic economic principles needed for rational decision making relating to individuals, businesses, government and society. Such knowledge is necessary in enhancing their appreciation of government economic policies, problems of implementation and how they impact on the economy. This will help candidates to understand that economics is not only an academic field of study but also a practical subject.

Objectives

  • The syllabus will test candidates'
  • knowledge of the basic economic principles, concepts, and the tools for economic analysis;
  • understanding of the structure and functioning of economic institutions – commercial, agricultural, industrial and financial institutions;
  • understanding of the basis for rational economic decisions;
  • ability to explain the basis and structure of the West African economy, including the roles of agriculture, industry and mining and their contributions to the national income;
  • ability to follow the role and status of the West African countries in international economic relationships;
  • ability to appreciate the problems West African countries encounter in their economic development.

Syllabus content © The West African Examinations Council. Taken from https://waecsyllabus.com/files/ssce/ECONOMICS.pdf (WASSCE (harmonised West African syllabus)).

DeeepSolve is an independent study platform and is not affiliated with WAEC. The topic lists, notes and exam scheme are the exam body's wording; “Our summary” lines are ours. If anything here differs from what WAEC publishes for your sitting, follow WAEC.