These processes are involved in asexual reproduction EXCEPT

Step 1: Analyze the question We need the one process that is NOT involved in asexual reproduction.

Step 2: Key concept Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. No gametes fuse, so the offspring are genetically identical to the parent (clones). Sexual reproduction involves two gametes (male and female) fusing, and that fusion is called fertilization.

Step 3: Check each option

• A. Budding: An outgrowth (bud) develops on the parent and detaches. This is asexual, as in yeast and Hydra.
• B. Fertilization: A male gamete fuses with a female gamete to form a zygote. This is sexual, so it is the exception.
• C. Fission: The parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. This is asexual, as in Amoeba and bacteria.
• D. Spore formation: Spores grow into new individuals without fusion of gametes. This is asexual, as in mushrooms, moulds and ferns.
• E. Vegetative propagation: New plants grow from parts of the parent, such as yam tubers, cassava stems and sweet potato runners. This is asexual.

Step 4: Answer The only process that needs two gametes is fertilization, so the answer is B.

Exam tip: Whenever you see "fertilization", "gametes" or "zygote", think sexual reproduction. The asexual methods to remember are B-F-S-V: Budding, Fission, Spore formation, Vegetative propagation (fragmentation and regeneration can also appear).