The following are kidney diseases EXCEPT

Analyze the question: We need the one option that is NOT a kidney disease or kidney-related disorder.

Explain the concept: The kidneys filter blood, remove urea and excess water, and regulate salts. Common kidney problems include:

• Nephritis: inflammation of the kidney (nephrons).
• Kidney stones (renal calculi): hard deposits of mineral salts in the kidney.
• Kidney failure: the kidneys stop working properly.
• Oedema: swelling from fluid retention, which commonly results from kidney failure or nephrotic problems.
• Diuresis: increased production of urine, which is a kidney-related condition.

Step-by-step check:

• A. Diuresis: excessive urine production, a kidney-related condition, so it is included.
• B. Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver (hepar = liver), caused mostly by viruses. It is not a kidney disease.
• C. Kidney stones: a kidney disease.
• D. Nephritis: nephro = kidney, so it is a kidney disease.
• E. Oedema: associated with kidney malfunction, so it is included.

Answer: Hepatitis affects the liver, not the kidney, so it is the exception.

Tip: Learn the Greek roots: nephro/reno = kidney, hepato = liver, cardio = heart. The suffix -itis means inflammation, so nephritis = kidney inflammation and hepatitis = liver inflammation.