The essence of the doctrine of separation of powers is to prevent

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the essence (main purpose) of the doctrine of separation of powers, and what it is meant to prevent.

Step 2: Explain the concept The doctrine of separation of powers was popularized by the French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). It holds that government power should be divided among three organs:

• Legislature makes laws
• Executive implements laws
• Judiciary interprets laws and settles disputes

The reasoning is that if one person or group holds all three powers, they can become tyrannical. Montesquieu argued that "power should check power." Dividing authority prevents any one organ from dominating the others. In Nigeria, this is reflected in Sections 4, 5 and 6 of the 1999 Constitution.

Step 3: Evaluate the options

• A. Friction of powers: Friction between the organs can actually occur under this doctrine, because the organs check each other. It is a side effect, not the goal.
• B. Financial independence: This is not the purpose of the doctrine.
• C. Independence of judiciary: This is one outcome of the doctrine, but the question asks what it prevents, and the judiciary's independence is something it promotes.
• D. Abuse of powers: Correct. By spreading power across three organs, with checks and balances, the doctrine prevents tyranny, arbitrariness and abuse of power.

Step 4: Answer The essence of the doctrine is to prevent abuse of powers, which is option D.

Exam tip: When you see "separation of powers" together with "prevent", think tyranny, abuse of power, or concentration of power. Remember: Montesquieu = three organs = no tyranny.