Which of the following is a fundamental principle of democratic governance?

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks which option is a fundamental principle of democratic governance. So we are looking for the one feature that supports democracy, while the others are likely features of non-democratic systems.

Step 2: Explain the concept Democracy means "rule by the people." Its core principles include:

• Popular sovereignty (power belongs to the people)
• Citizen participation (voting, contesting elections, joining political parties, public debate)
• Rule of law
• Free and fair elections
• Freedom of speech and of the press
• Protection of fundamental human rights
• Accountability and transparency

Step 3: Evaluate each option

• A. Centralized decision-making: Power is concentrated in one person or a small group. This is typical of unitary, military, or dictatorial systems, not a defining democratic principle. Democracies usually spread power through separation of powers and often federalism.
• B. Censorship of the media: This restricts press freedom and information flow. It contradicts democracy, which depends on a free press to keep leaders accountable.
• C. Citizen participation: Citizens take part in choosing leaders and influencing policies through voting, debate, and civic activities. This is central to democracy.
• D. Authoritarianism: Absolute obedience to authority with little or no public say. It is the opposite of democracy.

Step 4: Answer The correct answer is C. Citizen Participation.

Tip: In JAMB Government questions asking for a "principle of democracy," eliminate options that suggest control, restriction, or concentration of power (centralized, censorship, authoritarian, dictatorship, suppression). Pick the option that suggests people, rights, freedom, election, or participation.