What is the term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people?

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the system of government where power is held by a small group of people. The key phrase is "small group."

Step 2: Explain the concepts The word oligarchy comes from the Greek words oligos (few) and archein (to rule). So it literally means "rule by the few."

Let's check each option:

• A. Oligarchy: Power rests in the hands of a small group. This may be based on wealth, military strength, family ties, or political influence. ✔
• B. Monarchy: Power is held by one person (a king, queen, or emperor), usually through hereditary succession. Not a group.
• C. Theocracy: Power is held by religious leaders, and government is based on divine law (e.g., Iran today). The key feature is religious authority, not simply a small group.
• D. Democracy: Power is held by the people as a whole, directly or through elected representatives. This is the opposite of rule by a few.

Step 3: Identify the answer Since the question describes rule by a small group, the correct term is Oligarchy.

Exam tip: Use the Greek prefixes to remember government types:

• Mono = one → Monarchy (rule by one)
• Oligos = few → Oligarchy (rule by few)
• Demos = people → Democracy (rule by the people)
• Theos = God → Theocracy (rule by God or religious leaders)

When you see "small group" or "few people" in JAMB Government, think oligarchy straight away.