Pressure groups primarily aim to

Analyze the question: It asks about the primary aim of pressure groups. The key is to separate what pressure groups want from the methods they use.

Explain the concept: A pressure group (interest group) is an organized body of people who share common interests or goals and try to influence government policy and decisions without seeking to take control of government. Examples in Nigeria include the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), and the Medical and Dental Consultants Association.

Evaluate each option:

• A. Promote social equality and justice: Some pressure groups (e.g., human rights groups) do this, but many others, such as trade unions and professional associations, exist mainly to protect their members' interests. So it is not the general primary aim.
• B. Gain political power and control: This describes a political party, not a pressure group. Pressure groups do not contest elections to govern. Wrong.
• C. Influence public opinion through media campaigns: Influencing public opinion and policy is the core activity of pressure groups. Media campaigns, protests, lobbying, and petitions are the means by which they sway government and the public.
• D. Disrupt the functioning of the government: Strikes and demonstrations may sometimes inconvenience government, but disruption is not the aim. Wrong.

Note on the wording: Strictly speaking, the textbook definition is "to influence government policy," and option C is phrased as a method (media campaigns) of influence. Still, among the choices given, C is the only one that reflects influence rather than seeking power (B), being too narrow (A), or being destructive (D). So C is the best answer, and it agrees with the official key.

Answer: C

Exam tip: Remember the difference with this quick line: "Parties seek power; pressure groups seek influence." Whenever you see an option about "gaining control of government," it is almost always pointing to political parties.