The theory of separation of powers was first time clearly formulated by __________

Analyze the question: It asks who first clearly formulated the theory of separation of powers, the idea that government power should be divided among separate organs (legislature, executive, judiciary) to prevent tyranny.

Explain the concept: Separation of powers divides government into three arms:

• Legislature makes laws
• Executive implements laws
• Judiciary interprets laws

The aim is to prevent concentration of power in one person or body, which could lead to abuse and dictatorship.

Solution, going through the options:

• A. Jean Bodin: A French thinker known for the theory of sovereignty, not separation of powers.
• B. Jean Austin: This looks like a mix-up with John Austin, who is also associated with the theory of sovereignty and legal positivism.
• C. Baron de Montesquieu: A French philosopher who, in his 1748 book The Spirit of the Laws (De l'Esprit des Lois), clearly set out the three-way division of government powers. He is widely credited as the originator of the modern formulation. He was influenced by John Locke's earlier ideas and by his study of the British system.
• D. Lord Bryce: A British jurist and political scientist known for his work on constitutions (rigid vs. flexible), not for this theory.

**Answer: C. Baron de Montesquieu.

Exam tip: Link the names to their ideas:

• Montesquieu → Separation of powers ("Montesquieu = Three arms")
• Bodin and Austin → Sovereignty
• Bryce → Constitutions
• Locke → Natural rights
• Rousseau → General will / Social contract