The second ballot is based on the principle that a successful candidate must obtain

Analyze the question: It asks about the principle behind the second ballot electoral system (also called the run-off system). This is a topic under electoral systems in Government.

Explain the concept:

• In the second ballot system, voters vote in a first round. If no candidate wins an absolute majority (more than 50% of valid votes), a second round is held, usually between the top two candidates (or the leading few).
• The aim is to make sure the winner has the support of more than half of the voters.
• Simple majority (plurality) means having more votes than any other candidate, even if under 50%. This is the "first-past-the-post" system.

Solution:

• Option B (simple majority): This is the principle of first-past-the-post, not the second ballot. ✗
• Option C (forty percent): This is not the standard. Nigeria's 25% spread rule is a different thing. ✗
• Option D (fifty percent): This sounds close, but exactly 50% is not a majority. A majority means more than 50%. ✗
• Option A (absolute majority): This means over 50% of valid votes cast, which is exactly what the second ballot is designed to produce. ✓

Correct answer: A. absolute majority

Tip: Link the words together: Second ballot = run-off = absolute majority (more than 50%), while First-past-the-post = simple majority (plurality). Watch for "fifty percent" as a trap option, since the winner needs more than 50%, not exactly 50%.