A state that is ruled by an elected citizen is

1. Analyze the question The question asks for the term describing a state whose ruler (head of state) is an elected citizen rather than someone who inherits power or rules by wealth or conquest.

2. Explain the concept Classifying states by how the head of state emerges:

• Empire: A state or group of territories ruled by an emperor, often built through conquest (e.g., the Roman Empire, the Oyo Empire).
• Monarchy: A king, queen, or similar ruler holds power, usually by hereditary succession (e.g., the United Kingdom).
• Republic: The head of state is not a hereditary ruler. Power rests with the people, who elect their leaders, usually a president (e.g., Nigeria, Ghana, the USA).
• Plutocracy: Rule by the wealthy, where power comes from riches rather than election.

3. Step-by-step solution

• The key phrase is "ruled by an elected citizen".
• A: An empire is led by an emperor, not an elected citizen. ✗
• B: A monarchy is led by a king or queen, usually through hereditary succession. ✗
• C: A republic has an elected head of state who is an ordinary citizen. ✓
• D: A plutocracy is rule by the rich, not by election. ✗

4. Answer The correct option is C. a republic.

5. Tip Remember: Republic = Representatives elected. Whenever you see "elected" or "president" tied to the head of state, think republic. Think "inherited" for monarchy, "conquest" for empire, and "wealth" for plutocracy.