A state that is ruled by an elected citizen is

Step 1: Analyze the question The question asks for the type of state whose ruler is an elected citizen, meaning an ordinary member of the state chosen by the people, not someone who inherits power or rules by wealth or conquest.

Step 2: Explain the concepts Let's look at each option:

• Republic: A state where the head of state is not a hereditary monarch but is elected by the citizens (directly or through representatives). Nigeria, Ghana, and the USA are examples.
• Plutocracy: Rule by the wealthy. Power comes from riches, not from election.
• Monarchy: Rule by a king or queen, usually by inheritance (e.g., the United Kingdom, Eswatini).
• Empire: A large territory or group of nations under a single supreme authority, usually acquired through conquest (e.g., the Roman Empire, the old Oyo Empire).

Step 3: Apply to the question The key phrase is "ruled by an elected citizen." The ruler is chosen by election and is a citizen, not a royal. This matches the definition of a republic.

• B is wrong because wealth is the basis of rule, not election.
• C is wrong because monarchs are usually born into the position, not elected.
• D is wrong because an empire is defined by its size and conquest, not by how its ruler is chosen.

Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. a republic.

Exam tip: Remember "Republic = Representatives/Elected." If the head of state is elected, think republic. If the head of state is born into the position, think monarchy. Nigeria is a federal republic, so its President is an elected citizen.