Indicator of underdevelopment is

1. Analyze the question The question asks which option is an indicator of underdevelopment. Underdeveloped countries have characteristics that show low living standards and weak economic performance.

2. Explain the concept Common indicators of underdevelopment include:

• Low per capita income
• High birth rate and high population growth rate
• Low life expectancy
• High infant and maternal mortality
• High illiteracy and poor access to education
• Heavy dependence on agriculture and primary products
• High unemployment and underemployment
• Poor infrastructure (roads, power, healthcare)

Developed countries show the opposite: high incomes, high life expectancy, low birth rates and stable population growth.

3. Evaluate each option

• A. High life expectancy: This is a sign of development, because it reflects good healthcare and nutrition. ❌
• B. Low birth rate: This is typical of developed countries. Underdeveloped countries usually have high birth rates. ❌
• C. Low population growth rate: Again, this is typical of developed economies. Underdeveloped countries usually have high growth rates. ❌
• D. Low per capita income: Per capita income is national income divided by population. A low figure means low average living standards, which is a key sign of underdevelopment. ✅

4. Answer The correct option is D. Low per capita income.

5. Exam tip For "indicator of underdevelopment" questions, remember that low goes with income, life expectancy and literacy, while high goes with birth rate, death rate, unemployment and poverty. If an option describes something good for living standards, it is probably an indicator of development, not underdevelopment.