What is the name of the process by which ammonia is produced on an industrial scale?

Analysis

The question asks for the specific industrial method used to synthesize ammonia ($NH_3$) from its constituent elements, nitrogen and hydrogen.

Concept Explanation

In industrial chemistry, the production of ammonia is a classic example of a reversible exothermic reaction. The process involves reacting nitrogen gas ($N_2$) obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air with hydrogen gas ($H_2$) obtained from natural gas (methane).

The chemical equation for this reaction is:

This reaction is carried out under specific conditions to maximize yield:

• Temperature: About 400°C – 450°C.
• Pressure: High pressure (about 200 atmospheres).
• Catalyst: Finely divided iron.

This method was developed by the German chemist Fritz Haber and later scaled for industrial use by Carl Bosch.

Step-by-Step Solution

1. Evaluate Option A (Nitrogenation): This term is not standard in industrial chemistry for ammonia production; it usually refers to the introduction of nitrogen into a compound.
2. Evaluate Option B (Ammoniation): This refers to the addition of ammonia to a substance, not the production of ammonia itself.
3. Evaluate Option C (Nitrification): This is a biological process where bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites and nitrates in the soil.
4. Evaluate Option D (Haber process): This is the internationally recognized name for the industrial synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Conclusion

The Haber process is the correct industrial method for producing ammonia.

Exam Tip: When studying industrial processes, always remember the "Big Three" for JAMB:

• Haber Process: Ammonia ($NH_3$)
• Contact Process: Sulphuric Acid ($H_2SO_4$)
• Solvay Process: Sodium Carbonate ($Na_2CO_3$)