l . Evaporation. ll. Sublimation. lll. Diffusion. IV. Brownian motion. Which of the above can correctly be…

Analyze the question: We need to decide which phenomena give evidence that matter is made of tiny particles (atoms, molecules or ions) that are in constant motion.

Concept: The particulate (kinetic) theory says matter is made of tiny particles that move constantly and have spaces between them. Any process that can only be explained by this idea counts as evidence.

Checking each phenomenon:

• I. Evaporation: Faster-moving particles at the surface of a liquid overcome the attractive forces and escape as vapour. This supports the theory.
• II. Sublimation: In solids like iodine, ammonium chloride or dry ice, particles go directly from solid to gas. This shows that solids are made of particles that can separate and move freely.
• III. Diffusion: Gases and liquids mix spontaneously, for example perfume spreading across a room. This shows that particles move randomly and that there are spaces between them.
• IV. Brownian motion: Pollen grains or smoke particles move in a random zigzag path in a fluid because they are bombarded by invisible, fast-moving molecules. This is direct evidence for particles.

All four are accepted evidence for the particulate nature of matter.

Answer: Option D (I, II, III and IV).

Exam tip: Remember the evidence for particles as "E-S-D-B": Evaporation, Sublimation, Diffusion, Brownian motion. If a JAMB question asks for evidence of particle movement and lists these, the answer is usually "all of them."