Which of the following is a behavioural adaptation that protects prey from predators?

Step 1: Analyze the question We need an adaptation that is (a) behavioural, meaning it is something the animal does, and (b) protective against predators.

Step 2: Explain the concept

• Structural (morphological) adaptations are body features, such as camouflage colouring, thorns and shells.
• Physiological adaptations are internal body processes, such as producing toxins or irritating chemicals.
• Behavioural adaptations are actions an organism performs, such as playing dead, fleeing, mimicry displays, living in groups, or hibernating.

Step 3: Evaluate each option

• A. Hibernation: A behavioural and physiological response to cold or food scarcity. It helps the animal survive harsh seasons, not escape predators.
• B. Shedding of leaves: A plant adaptation for conserving water. It has nothing to do with predators.
• C. Secreting irritating fluid: Animals such as millipedes, some toads and the bombardier beetle release irritating or foul-smelling fluids when attacked. This clearly protects prey from predators. Strictly, secretion is a physiological or chemical defence, but it is the only option that deals with predator protection, and it is the one JAMB expects.
• D. Dormancy: A resting state for surviving unfavourable conditions, not for avoiding predators.

Step 4: Answer Only option C relates to defence against predators. Note that the key's wording is a bit loose, because secretion is more of a physiological or chemical defence than a purely behavioural one. Even so, the other three options are about surviving climate or seasonal stress, so C is the best choice.

Exam tip: When a question mentions "predators", look for the option about defence or escape (running away, playing dead, releasing fluids or odours, camouflage). Options about seasons or weather, such as hibernation, dormancy, aestivation and leaf shedding, are about surviving harsh conditions.