The following are kidney diseases except

Step 1: Analyze the question We are asked to find the option that is NOT a kidney disease. Notice the word "except". Three options relate to kidney problems, and one does not.

Step 2: Review the concepts

• Diuresis: Increased or excessive production of urine. It is associated with kidney function disorders (for example in diabetes or diuretic use). In this question's context it is treated as a kidney-related condition.
• Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver (often caused by viruses A, B, C). It has nothing to do with the kidney.
• Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney (the "nephr-" prefix means kidney).
• Oedema: Swelling caused by fluid retention in body tissues. It is a common symptom of kidney failure and kidney disease, because the kidneys fail to remove excess water and salts.

Step 3: Eliminate options

• A (diuresis): kidney-related, so it is not the answer.
• B (hepatitis): affects the liver, so it is the exception.
• C (nephritis): a true kidney disease, so it is not the answer.
• D (oedema): associated with kidney malfunction, so it is not the answer.

Step 4: Answer The correct option is B. hepatitis, because it is a disease of the liver, not the kidney.

Exam tip: Learn the medical word roots:

• Nephr-/Reno- = kidney (nephritis)
• Hepat- = liver (hepatitis)
• Cardi- = heart (carditis)
• Gastr- = stomach (gastritis)

The suffix -itis means inflammation. So whenever you see "hepat-", think liver, and you will quickly spot it as the odd one out.