The wings of a bat and those of a bird are examples of

Step 1: Analyze the question We are comparing the wings of a bat (a mammal) and the wings of a bird. We need to name the evolutionary relationship between the two.

Step 2: Explain the concept

• Convergent evolution: Unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar structures with similar functions because they adapt to similar environments or lifestyles. The structures are called analogous structures. Their internal anatomy and evolutionary origin differ.
• Divergent evolution: Related organisms with a common ancestor evolve different structures from the same basic plan. The structures are homologous, for example the forelimbs of a human, whale, and bat.
• Coevolution: Two species evolve in response to each other, such as flowers and their pollinators.
• Continuous variation: Differences in a trait within a population that show a smooth range, such as height or weight. It has nothing to do with evolution of organs.

Step 3: Apply the concept Bat wings and bird wings both serve the function of flight, but they evolved independently:

• A bat's wing is a membrane of skin stretched over elongated finger bones.
• A bird's wing is covered with feathers and supported by modified arm bones.

The two groups did not inherit wings from a shared winged ancestor. Both evolved wings separately to adapt to flying. This makes the wings analogous structures, which result from convergent evolution.

Step 4: Answer The correct option is A. convergent evolution.

Tip: Remember "Analogous = Activity (function) is the same → Convergent." Use "Homologous = Heritage (same origin) → Divergent." In exam questions, bird wings, insect wings, and bat wings together point to convergent evolution. Human arm, whale flipper, and bat wing (compared by bone structure) point to divergent evolution (homologous structures).